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BIOL 1407 Concept Map Assn 40-41 - Coggle Diagram
BIOL 1407 Concept Map Assn 40-41
chapter 40
animal form and function and function are correlated at all levels of organization
physical laws constrain the evolution of an animal size and shape. these constraints contribute to convergent evolution in animal body forms
Each animal cell must have access to an aqueous environment. Simple two layered sacs and flat shapes maximize exposure to the surrounding medium.
More complex body plans have highly folded internal surfaces specialized for exchanging materials.
Animal bodies are based on a hierarchy of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Epithelial tissue forms active interfaces on external and internal surfaces connective tissue binds and supports other tissues.
muscle tissue contracts, moving body parts, and nervous tissue transmits nerve impulses throughout the body.
The endocrine and nervous systems are the two means of communication between different locations in the body.
Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals
An animal is a regulator if it controls an internal variable and a conformer if it allows an internal variable to vary with external changes.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a steady state despite internal and external changes.
Homeostatic mechanisms are usually based on negative feedback, in which the response reduces the stimulus
Circadian rhythms are daily fluctuations in metabolism and behavior tuned to the cycles of light and dark in the environment.
Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and behavior
Endothermic animals are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism
Ectothermic animals get most of their heat from external sources
Insulation and countercurrent exchange reduce heat loss, whereas panting, sweating, and bathing increase evaporation, cooling the body.
The hypothalamus acts as the thermostat in mammalian regulation of body temperature.
Energy requirements are related to animal size, activity, and environment
The total amount of energy used in a unit of time defines an animal’s metabolic rate.
basal metabolic rate of endotherms is substantially higher than the standard metabolic rate of ectotherms.
Torpor, a state of decreased activity and metabolism, conserves energy during environmental extremes
Minimum metabolic rate per gram is inversely related to body size among similar animals.
chapter 41
An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic building blocks, and essential nutrients
Food provides animals with energy for ATP production, carbon skeletons for biosynthesis, and essential nutrients
Essential nutrients include certain amino acids and fatty acids that animals cannot synthesize
vitamins, which are organic molecules
minerals, which are inorganic substances
Food processing involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
Many animals are bulk feeders, eating large pieces of food. Other strategies include filter feeding, substrate feeding, and fluid feeding.
substrate feeding are animal that lives in or on its food source, eating its way through the food.
fluid feeding is a animal that lives by sucking nutrient rich fluids from another living organism.
In extracellular digestion, which is used by most animals, enzymatic hydrolysis occurs outside cells in a gastrovascular cavity or alimentary canal.
Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestive system
Saliva is a complex mixture of materials with a number of vital functions.
One major component is mucus, a viscous mixture of water, salts, cells, and slippery glycoproteins
As soon as food enters your mouth, or oral cavity, food processing begins .
Teeth with specialized shapes cut, mash, and grind, breaking the food into smaller pieces.
The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects to the stomach the trachea (windpipe) leads to the lungs
the stomach can stretch to accommodate about 2L of food and fluid.
Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet
Adaptation is also apparent in the length of the digestive system in different vertebrates.
An estimated 10-100 trillion bacteria live in the human digestive system.
The coexistence of humans and many intestinal bacteria is an example of mutualism
microbiome is the collection of microorganisms living in or on an organism’s body, along with their genetic material.
Mutualistic relationships with microorganisms are also very important in herbivores.
Herbivores get much of the chemical energy they need from the cellulose of plant cell walls