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Animal Physiology - Coggle Diagram
Animal Physiology
Chapter 40: Animal Form & Function
Animal Organization
Levels of biological organization
cells - tissue - organs - organ system - organisms
Structure and function are closely related, an animal's body reflects its environment
Tissues
Groups of cells that work together to perform a common function
Epithelial: Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body (skin, intestinal lining)
Connective: Consists of web fibers that hold many tissues and organs together and in place (bone, cartilage)
Muscle: Responsible for movement, consists of long fibers that contract
Nervous: Transmits electrical signals through neurons and supports cells (brain)
Feedback and Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the stable maintenance of an internal environment despite any external changes
Negative feedback: Reverses a change and returns the body to the set point (sweating)
Positive feedback: A change that takes your body away from a set point (labor)
Thermoregulation
The process by which animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range (endothermic v. ectotherm)
Endotherms: generate heat from metabolism (mammals)
Ectotherms: Gain heat from the enviorment (reptiles)
Conformer: allows internal condition to change in accordance with the external (snake)
Regulator: Maintaining a standard (humans)
Energy requirements
BMR: Minimum energy of a resting endotherm
SMR: Rate of resting ectotherms at a particular
Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition
Diet
Food
Macro Mol.
Proteins
Amino Acids
Carbs
Macromolecules
Lipids
Fatty Acids
Vitamins (organic)
Water Soluble
Fat soluble
Minerals (inorganic)
Ions
Essential: must haves for your diet
Nonessential: things your body already has
Food processing
The steps that animals take to digest food
Hydrolysis: breaks down polymers to monomers
Amylase: breaks down carbs
Lipase: breaks down lipids
Protease: breaks down proteins
Digestive organs
Specific structures that perform roles in digestion
Mouth: mechanical breakdown by teeth
Pharynx and Esophagus: a muscular tube that transports food to the stomach
Stomach: stores food and processes food into a liquid suspension
Small intestine: most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food occurs here
Adaptations in digestive system
Digestive systems depend on the diet and enviorment
Hebivores: Long intestines allowing fot more digestion
Carnivores: shorter digestive tracts
Omnivores: Have a flexible system to digest both plants and animals
Digestion regulation
Controlled by nervous and hormonal signals
Nervous system: swallowing, enzyme release, muscle contraction