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Chapter 40 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 40
Levels of structural organizations
Cells-tissues-organs-organs systems-organism
Epithelial tissue
Function: protection, secretion, absorption
Types based on layers and shape
Layer of cells:Stratified/simple
Shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Connective tissue
Function: binds and supports other tissues
components: cells/fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular
Examples: blood, bone, adipose, cartilage
Muscle tissue
Function: movement
Types: skeletal (voluntary)
Cardiac: involuntary/striated/intercalated discs
Smooth: involuntary/unstriated
Nervous tissue
Function: communication and control
Neurons: signal transmission
Glial cells: support
Regulating the internal environment
maintenance of a stable internal environment
Regulators maintain internal constancy
Conformers match internal state to environment
Uses feedback control
Negative feedback :reduces stimulus
example: body temperature regulation
Positive feedback: enhances stimulus
Example: childbirth
Thermoregulation
maintaining body temperature within tolerable range
Ectotherm: gain heat from environment
reptiles and fish
Endotherm: generate heat metabolically
mammals and birds
Heat exchange mechanisms
Radiation
Evaporation
Convection
Conduction
Energy budgets and Metabolic rate
metabolic rate: total energy used per unit
Basal Metabolic rate: endotherms at rest
Standard metabolic rate: ectotherms at rest at given temperature
Bioenergetics
Flow of energy through an animal
Energy obtained from food → ATP → cellular work
Efficiency depends on body size and activity level
Coordination and control
Endocrine system
hormones
slower-long lasting responses
Nervous system
electrical impulses
fast, short-term responses
Animal form: structure the physical shape of an animal
Animal function: physiology/
Natural selection shapes form and function to enhances survival and reproduction