Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

BIOLOGY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Shapes the cell
      - Guides movement of organelles
      - Separates chromosomes during cell division
      - In animal cells, microtubules grow out from a
        centrosome near the nucleus. In animal cells, the centrosome has a pair of centrioles, each with nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring
        
        Microtubules control the beating of flagella and cilia, microtubule-containing extensions that project from some cells
        
        Cilia and flagella
        
        A group of microtubules sheathed in an extension of
        the plasma membrane
        
        Nine doublets of microtubules are arranged in a ring
        with two single microtubules in the center
        
        A basal body that anchors the cilium or flagellum
        
        A motor protein called dynein, which drives the
        bending movements of a cilium or flagellum
- - - - Thylakoids, membranous sacs, stacked to form a
        granum
      - Stroma, the internal fluid
- - - - At tight junctions, membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
      - Desmosomes (anchoring junctions) fasten cells
        together into strong sheets
      - Gap junctions (communicating junctions) provide
        cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
- - - - In the nucleus, DNA is organized into discrete units
        called chromosomes
        
        Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule
        associated with proteins, called chromatin
        
        The nucleolus, located within the nucleus, is the
        site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
- - - - accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
        
        Smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes
        
        Synthesizes lipids
        
        Detoxifies drugs and poisons
        
        Stores calcium ions
        
        Rough ER, whose surface is studded with
        ribosomes
        
        Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates)
        
        Distributes transport vesicles, secretory proteins surrounded by membranes
        
        Is a membrane factory for the cell
        
        lysosome: a membranous sac of hydrolytic
        enzymes that can digest macromolecules
        
        Vacuoles: large vesicles derived from the ER
        and Golgi apparatus
        
        Food vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis
        
        Contractile vacuoles, found in many freshwater
        protists, pump excess water out of cells
        
        Golgi apparatus
        
        Modifies products of the ER
        
        Manufactures certain macromolecules
        
        Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles