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Chapter 6 "A Tour of The Cell" - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 6 "A Tour of The Cell"
Microscopy
Light microscope(LM)
Visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses
used to visualize a cell
Resolution of standard light microscopy=too low to study organelles
Organelles are membrane enclosed structures in eukaryotic cells
magnification
object size to real size ratio
Resolution
the measurement of clarity of image/ minimum distance of two distinguishable points
Contrast
visible differences in brightness between parts of a sample
electron microscopes(EMs)
Scanning Electron Microscopes(SEMs)
Focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D
Study sub-cellular structures
Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs)
Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen-used mainly to study internal structure of cells
Cell fractionation
Takes cells apart and separates major organelles from one another
cells
Eukaryotic
Larger, more complex, have membrane bound nucleus
Cytoplasm in region between plasma membrane and nucleus
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis
the nucleus contains genetic information
Envelope is the membrane that surrounds the nucleus
ribosomes are complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein
Chromatin is loose chromosomes identifiable in interphase
Nucleolus is located within the nucleus and is where rRNA is made
Prokaryotic
smaller, more simplistic, lacking membrane bound organelle
Unbound region called nucleoid
cytoplasm is bound by plasma membrane
Cell membrane is the same as plasma membrane
selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell
endomembrane system
regulates protein traffic/performs metabolic functions
nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane
continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles
Peroxisomes
are specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a cell membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
More than 1/2 total membrane in eukaryotic cells
Smooth ER
Lacks ribosome
Synthesize lipids
detoxifies
Stores calcium
Rough ER
surface studded with ribosomes
secrete glycoproteins
Proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates
Membrane factory for cell
Distributes transport vesicles
secretory proteins surrounded by membranes
Golgi apparatus
Modifies products of ER
Manufactures macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials to transport vesicles
Lysosome
Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
Some cells engulf another cell by phagocytosis/forming food vacuole
Vacuoles
Large vesicles derived from ER/Golgi apparatus
Diverse maintenance compartments
Food Vacuoles
formed by Phagocytosis
Contractile Vacuoles
Found in many freshwater protists
Pump excess water out of cells
Central Vacuoles
mature plant cells
Contains solution called sap
main repository of organic cells
Plant growth
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Sites of cellular respiration/ using oxygen to generate ATP
Change energy from one form to another
endosymbiont theory
early ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed oxygen using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell
Microfilaments
Solid ri
smooth outer membrane/ inner membrane folded into cristae
inner membrane creates two compartments: Inner Membrane and Mitochondrial Matrix
Plants/algae-sites of photosyntesis
Structures include
Thylakoids, membranous sacs stacked to form granum
stoma, internal fluid
Roles of cytoskeleton
Support and motility/ interacts with motor proteins
Microtubules
Hollow rods shaping cell
Guding movement
Separate chromosomes
Centrosomes-near nucleus /microtubules grow from
Centrioles- microtubules arrange in ring
Pair that forms centrosomes
Microtubules control beating of flagella and cilia
Differ in beating patterns
Basal body anchors the two
motor protein called dynein- drives bending movement for flagella and cilia