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STROKE, REFERENCES
Berry, S. M. . M. S. . R. V. T., Wilson, B. R. A.,…
STROKE
ETIOLOGY
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Hypertension - leading cause of stroke, the high blood pressure damages blood vessels
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Lifestyle - smoking, alcohol consumption and sedentary lifestyle
CLASSIFICATIONS
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ISCHEMIC STROKE
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TREATMENT
TPA - administer within 4.5 hrs to dissolve the clot
Mechanical Thrombectomy - catheter is inserted into the blocked artery to remove the clot using suction or a small device.
Anti-platelet or anticoagulation therapy - to prevent future clots
BP medications - to maintain healthy range of blood pressure
Lipid- lowering meds- to reduce plaque and cholesterol build up
Oxygen Therapy - helps maintain oxygen supply in the brain
Rehabilitation - PT/OT/ST - to help patients regain function and strength
HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
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TREATMENT
Oxygen Therapy - helps maintain oxygen supply in the brain
BP medications - to maintain healthy range of blood pressure
Coiling or Embolization - catheter can be inserted to the ruptured blood vessel to stop the bleeding
Steroids - to reduce brain swelling
Rehabilitation - PT/OT/ST
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- Sudden numbness or weakness
- Confusion
- Trouble speaking
- Blurred vision
- Loss of balance
- Severe headache
- Loss of consciousness
ORGANS AFFECTED
Brain - the area affected
Lungs - stroke can lead to respiratory complications
Heart - cardiovascular dysfunction can lead to stroke (DVT, Afib, or heart attack)
Kidneys - Acute kidney injury is a non-neurological complication
CONSULTATIONS
- Neurologist, neurosurgeon - they specialize in the conditions involving brain.
- Cardiologist - to rule out any cardiovascular related diseases
Rehabilitation - PT/OT/ST for patients to regain strength and function
- Vascular Neurologist - they treat and diagnose conditions affecting blood vessels in the brain
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
CBC - checks for RBC, WBC and Platelet count
CMP- measures blood glucose, cholesterol and other substances that may indicate stroke
Coagulation studies - assess blood clotting ability and detect potential bleeding disorders
CT scan - creates detailed images of the brain to detect bleeding or blood clots
MRI scan - can detect subtle changes in the brain tissue
Cerebral Angiography- uses dye and x-rays to visualize blood vessels in the brain
EKG- records electrical activity in the heart and can detect arrhythmias
Echocardiogram - to find potential heart problems causing stroke
REFERENCESBerry, S. M. . M. S. . R. V. T., Wilson, B. R. A., PhD, & Fallon, L. F. (2025). Strokes. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health.Salaudeen MA, Bello N, Danraka RN, Ammani ML. Understanding the Pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke: The Basis of Current Therapies and Opportunity for New Ones. Biomolecules. 2024 Mar 4;14(3):305. doi: 10.3390/biom14030305. PMID: 38540725; PMCID: PMC10968326.Unnithan AKA, Das JM, Mehta P. Hemorrhagic Stroke. [Updated 2023 May 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559173/