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Cell Structures Inside vs. Outside the Cell - Coggle Diagram
Cell Structures Inside vs. Outside the Cell
Inside the Cell
Studying Cells
Light(LM) uses light + glass lenses to view specimen
Scanning electron(Sem) uses a beam of electrons on the surface of the specimen (3D view)
Transmission electron (Tem) beam of electrons to view internal structures
Cell fractionation- takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another happens in centrifuge
Cell types
Prokaryotic Cells
No nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm enclosed by plasma membrane
Eukaryotic cells
DNA enclosed in nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
Larger than prokaryotic cells
Genetic control
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope → double membrane with pores for transport
Nuclear lamina → protein network supports shape
Chromatin → DNA + proteins
Nucleolus → rRNA synthesis, ribosome assembly
Ribosomes
Free ribosomes → make proteins used in cytosol.
Bound ribosomes → make proteins for secretion or membranes.
Endomembrane System
Rough ER → ribosomes attached, makes secretory & membrane proteins.
Smooth ER → lipid synthesis, detoxification ,calcium storage
Golgi Apparatus → modifies, sorts, and packages proteins/lipids into vesicles.
Lysosomes → digestive enzymes for breaking down macromolecules, autophagy
Vacuoles
Contractile (pump out water in protists).
Central vacuole in plants (storage, turgor pressure).
Energy Conversion
Mitochondria
cellular respiration, ATP production.
Double membrane; inner folds = cristae increase surface area.
Contain their own DNA & ribosomes
Chloroplasts
Thylakoids stacked as grana; stroma fluid.
Contain DNA & ribosomes.
Peroxisomes
oxidative organelles.
Break down fatty acids.
Detoxify alcohol in liver
Produce hydrogen peroxide then converts to water.
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules(tubulin)
Shape, tracks for organelle movement.
Form spindle fibers that separates chromosomes
Cilia & flagella movement
Microfilaments (actin)
Support shape, form cortex under plasma membrane
Aid in motility
Intermediate Filaments
More permanent structures
Anchor organelles, maintain shape
Cellular structures
Cell Walls
Provide protection, shape, and prevent excess water uptake.
Made mostly of cellulose
Layers
Primary cell wall
Middle lamella
Secondary cell wall
Animal Cells
Animals lack cell walls → ECM provides support and signaling
Components
Collagen fibers
Proteoglycans
Fibronectin
Integrins → proteins spanning the membrane, connecting ECM to cytoskeleton.
Cell Junctions
Plants
Plasmodesmata → channels through cell walls for transport of water, ions, RNA, proteins.
Animals
Tight junctions → seal membranes, prevent leakage
Desmosomes → anchoring junctions; strong sheets of cells
Gap junctions → cytoplasmic channels for communication