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Respiratory System Map, Thoracic Cavity Pressure Relationships:
Pressure…
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Thoracic Cavity Pressure Relationships:
- Pressure is created by the movement of gas molecules that are confined. (22.3)
- Boyle's law describes the relationship between volume and pressure in a gas at a constant temperature. If volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa (22.3)
- involves the pressure between the atmosphere and lungs (22.3)
Pulmonary pressure:
- intrapulmonary pressure, the pressure of air within the alveoli; it always equalizes with atmospheric pressure because alveoli are connected to the atmosphere via the tubing of the airways. (22.3)
Transpulmonary Pressure:
- the difference between the intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressures; it determines the size of lungs. (22.3)
- A higher pressure related to a larger lung (22.3)
Intrapleural Pressure:
- pressure of the air within the pleural cavity, between the visceral and parietal pleurae. (22.3)
- changes during different phases of breathing and is always lower/negative compared to intra-alveolar pressure, remains approx. -4mm Hg throughout the breathing cycle (22.3)
Four Processes of Respiration:
- gas exchange, it provides oxygen for use by body cells during cellular respiration and to eliminate Co2.
Respiratory System:
- This system prioritizes Gas exchange (22.4)
- In the Lungs, oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is released at the respiratory membrane; oxygen is released and Co2 is picked up at the tissues. (22.4)
Pulmonary Ventilation:
- exchange of gases between the lungs and the atmosphere; breathing (key terms)
- comprised of inspiration and expiration.
- INSPIRATION, The expansion of the thoracic cavity forces the lungs to stretch and expand, leading to a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure, creating a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure, driving air into the lungs. (22.3)
- EXPIRATION, Normal expiration is passive; the elasticity of lung tissue causes it recoil. The thoracic cavity and lung decrease in volume, increasing intrapulmonary pressure and creating a pressure gradient that causes air to leave the lungs (22.3)
External Respiration:
- occurs as a function of partial pressure differences in oxygen and Co2 between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries (22.4)
- The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood into the lungs from the heart, branching and becoming the capillary network composed of pulmonary capillaries. As blood is pumped through the capillaries, gas is exchanged and oxygen binds to hemoglobin. This blood returns back to the heart. Co2 is released from the blood to the alveoli. (22.4)
Circulatory System:
- transports gases from the lungs to tissues throughout the body (chapter intro)
Internal Respiration:
- The gas exchange that occurs within the internal environment (22.4)
- Occurs as simple diffusion due to a partial pressure gradient. The partial pressure in oxygen in tissues is about 40 mm Hg, while the partial pressure in oxygen in blood is about 100 mm Hg. This creates a pressure gradient that causes oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (22.4)
- The partial pressure of Co2 is lower in the blood than it is in tissue, causing it to diffuse out of the tissue, cross interstitial fluid and enter the blood. (22.4)
Respiratory Gas Transport:
- Involves External and Internal Respiration. The gases, Oxygen & Co2, follow pressure gradients that allow then to diffuse (22.4)
- only occurs in the lungs and at tissues (22.4)
Pulmonary ventilation:
- exchange of gases between the lungs and the atmosphere i.e Breathing (Key Terms)
- 3 pressures drive this: atmospheric pressure, intra-alveolar pressure, and intrapleural pressure (22.3)
- Comprised of two major steps: inspiration and expiration (22.3)
Expiration:
- passive, it doesn't require energy to push air out of the lungs (22.3)
- the elasticity of lung tissue causes it to recoil (22.3)
- The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. Thoracic cavity and lung decrease in volume and causes an increase in intrapulmonary pressure. The pressure rises above atmospheric pressure, creating a pressure gradient that causes air to leave the lungs (22.3)
Inspiration:
- The diaphragm contracts, moving inferiorly toward the abdominal cavity and creates a larger thoracic cavity and more space for the lungs (22.3)
- External intercostal muscles contracting causes the rubs to move up and out, and the rib cage expands, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity (22.3)
- The expansion of the thoracic cavity forces the lungs to stretch and example, caused by the adhesive force of the pleural fluid (22.3)
- The increase in volume leads to decreased intra-alveolar pressure; a pressure lower than the atmosphere is created and drives air into the lungs (22.3)
The Respiratory System:
- responsible for obtaining oxygen and getting rid of Co2, aiding in speech production, and sensing odors. (chapter review)
Major Organ:
- Major organs of the Respiratory system function to provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, remove waste product Co2, and help maintain acid base balance. (22.1)
Lower Respiration:
- These organs are involved in breathing and the transportation of gases
Trachea:
- a tube composed of cartilaginous rings and supporting tissue that connects the lung bronchi and the larynx; it provides a route for air to enter and exit the lung (Key Terms)
- the trachea has a fibroelastic membrane than allows it to slightly stretch and expand slightly during inhalation and exhalation (22.1)
- The trachealis muscle can be contracted to force air through the trachea during exhalation (22.1)
Larynx:
- connects the pharynx to the trachea, helping regulate to volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs (22.1)
- produces the voice, prevents food and beverages from entering the trachea, and regulates the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs (Key terms)
Bronchiole Tree:
- the trachea branches into the left and right primary bronchi at the carina and enter the lungs at the hilum. (22.1)
- multiple branched bronchi, they provide a passageway for air to move into and out of each lung. (22.1)
- the mucous membrane traps debris and pathogens (22.1)
Lungs & alveoli:
- The Lungs serve to exchange gas and to transport gases throughout the body (22.2)
- an alveolar sac, a cluster of alveoli, are responsible for gas exchange (22.1)
-alveoli are connect to alveolar pores which help maintain equal air pressure throughout the alveoli and lung (22.1)
Respiratory:
-These are part of the conducting zone, providing a route for incoming and outgoing air. They help remove debris and pathogens, warm and humidify incoming air (22.1)
Nose & Nasal Cavity:
- The Nose is a major entrance and exit for the respiration system (22.1)
- the lateral walls of the nasal cavity have bony projections (superior, middle, inferior nasal conchae) that increase surface area of the nasal cavity and disrupt the flow of air as it enters the nose, causing it to bounce along epithelium and be cleaned and warmed (22.1)
- Conchae and meatuses conserve water and prevent dehydration of the nasal epithelium by trapping water during exhalation (22.1)
Paranasal Sinuses:
- produces mucus and lighten the weight of the skull (22.1)
- a cavity within the skull that warms and humidifies incoming air, consisting of the frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal sinuses (Key terms)
Pharynx:
- the conducting zone that forms a tube of skeletal muscle lined with respiratory epithelium; it is between the nasal conchae and the esophagus and trachea (Key term)
- Nasopharynx serves as an airway (22.1)
- oropharynx serves as a passage way for both air and food (22.1)
- laryngopharynx continues the route for ingested material and air until the digest and respiratory systems diverge (22.1)