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Module 5 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - only true for male rats that mate. Non mating males will avoid or become infanticidal
  - - - correlates with higher levels of peripheral levels of oxytocin
      - women exposed to this stimulus also show activation in the orbitofrontal cortex and insular cortex
  - - - GABA may be used to block avoidance circuits
    - - uses dopamine in the nucleus accumbens to reinforce maternal behaviors
        
        primarily D1 receptor
        
        dopamine is instigated either by glutamate from MPOA or GABA from MPOA, or possibly both
    - - females not primed with hormones above will activate defense circuits in the brain instead of maternal circuits when interacting with young
    - - oxytocin encourages activity across the reward circuits in brain
        
        may also block actions of negative valent neutrons
      - rising estradiol increases oxytocin receptors
      - oxytocin is more important for establishing maternal behaviors than maintaining them
    - - located in the hypothalamus
      - responsible for major role in maternal behaviors; disturbances on MPOA disrupts all maternal behaviors
        
        females with lesions on MPOA that are postpartum with not work to access infants, but will still work for food
      - contains receptors for estradiol, lactogens, and progesterone
    - - maintenance is less difficult due to possible creation of stronger synapses between BLA/BMA neurons and VP neurons
        
        also possible that once maternal behaviors have begun, then MPOA neurons become functionally changed to be more easily activated
  - - - neurotransmitter oxytocin however interacts with other neurotransmitters to induce maternal behaviors
        
        neuronal oxytocin primarily comes from paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
      - may not induce maternal behaviors, but does alter them
- - - - women's symptoms of depression primarily included body-dissatisfaction, self-disappointment, feelings of failure, and concentration problems. Women also exhibit more hyperphagia, hypersomnia, gastrointestinal issues, and weight gain
    - - since women are more likely to seek psychological help, the amount of men with depression may be under reported
    - - women show better results from SSRI medicine and men show better results with tricyclic medicines
    - - accounts for about 20% of deaths by suicide after birth
        
        symptoms for maternity blues include mood lability, irritability, tearfulness, generalized anxiety, sleep disturbances, and appetite disturbances
  - - - first theory is more widely accepted. Second theory is harder to work with as few animals share sex chromosomes the way we do
    - - only really prevalent at key temporal times
        
        first prevalent time for humans is between 8-12 weeks during gestation
        
        second prevalent time is shortly after birth, and not as well understood yet
    - - activational are temporary affects and reversible
      - organizational are permanent structure changes in the brain
    - - one sexually dimorphic area is the medial preoptic area, which includes the sexual dimorphic nucleus
        
        other areas of difference to note are the hypothalamus, lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminals, and the amygdala
  - - - adult females are more likely to develop depression than adult males. Yet, young boys are more likely to have depression than young girls
        
        women are also more likely to have anxiety disorders, panic disorders, and phobias overall.
    - - women perform better on math when told that they do as well as men do. Women do worse than men when they are told that they do not do as well as men