Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

(<map version="0.9.0">, </map>) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - <edge COLOR="#8cc4f0"/>
 - 
 - <node TEXT="**Double Helix**" ID="double_helix">
 
 <node TEXT="Twisted ladder shape" ID="ladder"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Sides: alternating sugar + phosphate" ID="sides"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Rungs: nitrogen base pairs" ID="rungs"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Held by hydrogen bonds" ID="bonds"/>
 - </node>
 - <node TEXT="**Nucleotides**" ID="nucleotides">
 
 <node TEXT="Building blocks of DNA" ID="blocks"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Parts: phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen base" ID="parts"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Nitrogen bases: A, T, C, G" ID="bases"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Base pairing: A–T (2 H bonds), C–G (3 H bonds)" ID="pairing"/>
 - </node>
 - <node TEXT="**Backbone**" ID="backbone">
 
 <node TEXT="Deoxyribose + phosphate chain" ID="chain"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Strong covalent bonds" ID="covalent"/>
 - </node>
 - <node TEXT="**Grooves**" ID="grooves">
 
 <node TEXT="Major groove = wide" ID="major"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Minor groove = narrow" ID="minor"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Important for protein binding" ID="binding"/>
 - </node>
 - - <edge COLOR="#b4e27e"/>
 - 
 - <node TEXT="**Gene**" ID="gene">
 
 <node TEXT="DNA segment coding for a protein" ID="coding"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Example: hair color gene → pigment protein" ID="example"/>
 - </node>
 - <node TEXT="**Genome**" ID="genome">
 
 <node TEXT="Total DNA in an organism" ID="total"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Human genome ≈ 22,000 genes" ID="count"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Varies by species" ID="varies"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Example: humans 46 chromosomes, flies 8, ferns 1260" ID="example_species"/>
 - </node>
 - <node TEXT="**Proteomics**" ID="proteomics">
 
 <node TEXT="Study of entire protein set" ID="proteins"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Links gene function to protein activity" ID="link"/>
 - </node>
 - - <edge COLOR="#f4b072"/>
 - 
 - <node TEXT="**Chromatin**" ID="chromatin">
 
 <node TEXT="Uncoiled DNA + histone proteins" ID="uncoiled"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Visible when cell not dividing" ID="not_dividing"/>
 - </node>
 - <node TEXT="**Chromosome**" ID="chromosome">
 
 <node TEXT="Condensed chromatin during cell division" ID="condensed"/>
 
 <node TEXT="46 in human somatic cells" ID="human_46"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Made of 2 sister chromatids when replicated" ID="sister"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Connected at centromere" ID="centromere"/>
 - </node>
 - <node TEXT="**Histones**" ID="histones">
 
 <node TEXT="DNA wraps around histone proteins" ID="wraps"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Forms nucleosomes" ID="nucleosomes"/>
 - </node>
 - <node TEXT="**Levels of Coiling**" ID="coiling">
 
 <node TEXT="Histone fiber → 11 nm" ID="11nm"/>
 
 <node TEXT="30-nm chromatin fiber" ID="30nm"/>
 
 <node TEXT="300-nm coiled fiber" ID="300nm"/>
 
 <node TEXT="700-nm coiled coil" ID="700nm"/>
 
 <node TEXT="1400-nm metaphase chromatid" ID="1400nm"/>
 - </node>
 - <node TEXT="**Homologous Chromosomes**" ID="homologous">
 
 <node TEXT="Chromosome pairs from parents" ID="pair"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Same genes, not identical" ID="same"/>
 - </node>
 - <node TEXT="**Sister Chromatids**" ID="sisters">
 
 <node TEXT="Identical copies of DNA" ID="identical"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Joined by kinetochore at centromere" ID="kinetochore"/>
 - </node>
 - - <edge COLOR="#f58ab1"/>
 - 
 - <node TEXT="**Interphase**" ID="interphase">
 
 <node TEXT="G1 = growth" ID="g1"/>
 
 <node TEXT="S-phase = DNA replication" ID="s_phase"/>
 
 <node TEXT="G2 = prepare for division" ID="g2"/>
 - </node>
 - <node TEXT="**Mitosis (Karyokinesis)**" ID="mitosis">
 
 <node TEXT="Prophase: chromosomes condense, spindle forms" ID="prophase"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Metaphase: chromosomes align at equator" ID="metaphase"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Anaphase: sister chromatids separate" ID="anaphase"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Telophase: nuclei reform" ID="telophase"/>
 - </node>
 - <node TEXT="**Cytokinesis**" ID="cytokinesis">
 
 <node TEXT="Division of cytoplasm" ID="division"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Animal cell: cleavage furrow" ID="cleavage"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Plant cell: cell plate forms" ID="plate"/>
 - </node>
 - <node TEXT="**Spindle Apparatus**" ID="spindle">
 
 <node TEXT="Centrioles organize spindle fibers" ID="centrioles"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores" ID="attachment"/>
 - </node>
 - - <edge COLOR="#7ad2b8"/>
 - 
 - <node TEXT="**Replication (S-phase)**" ID="replication_s">
 
 <node TEXT="Helicase unwinds DNA" ID="helicase"/>
 
 <node TEXT="DNA polymerase builds new strand" ID="polymerase"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Leading strand = continuous" ID="leading"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Lagging strand = Okazaki fragments" ID="lagging"/>
 
 <node TEXT="DNA ligase seals fragments" ID="ligase"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Template strand used for copying" ID="template"/>
 - </node>
 - <node TEXT="**Central Dogma**" ID="dogma">
 
 <node TEXT="DNA → RNA → Protein" ID="flow"/>
 - </node>
 - <node TEXT="**Transcription (nucleus)**" ID="transcription">
 
 <node TEXT="RNA polymerase reads DNA" ID="rna_poly"/>
 
 <node TEXT="mRNA carries code to ribosome" ID="mrna"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)" ID="uracil"/>
 - </node>
 - <node TEXT="**Translation (ribosome)**" ID="translation">
 
 <node TEXT="mRNA codon matched to tRNA anticodon" ID="anticodon"/>
 
 <node TEXT="tRNA carries amino acid" ID="amino_acid"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase attaches amino acid" ID="synthetase"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Chain folds into functional protein" ID="protein"/>
 - </node>
 - <node TEXT="**Tools & Techniques**" ID="tools">
 
 <node TEXT="Centrifuge → separates components by density" ID="centrifuge"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Pellet = heavy material at bottom" ID="pellet"/>
 
 <node TEXT="Supernatant = liquid above pellet" ID="supernatant"/>
 - </node>