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Tour of the Cell - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Used for detailed study of the topography of a specimen
      - The electron beam scans the surface of the specimen
      - Focuses the beam on the specimen
    - - Focuses a beam through a specimen
      - Studies the internal structure of cells
- - - - Each tubulin protein is a dimers
    - - A region that is often located near the nucleus
      - Function as compression-resisting girders of the cytoskeleton
      - Has a pair of centrioles
        
        Each composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring ○
        
        Helps in the assembly of in animal cells, other eukaryotic cells can lack centrioles
  - - - Structurally similar to a centriole
  - - - Globular proteins
- - - - The inner membrane has infoldings called cristae
    - - Contains many different enzymes, mitochondrial DNA, & ribosomes
      - Used for the citric acid cycle
  - - - Flattened, membranous sac inside the chloroplast
      - Convers light energy into chemical energy
      - Made of "poker like chips" called granum
      - Fluid outside the thylakoids is the stroma
        
        Contains the chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, & many enzymes
- - - - Plasma membrane and cell membrane are the same
      - When cells grow, insides grow more than the outer wall does
      - Surface is the outer perimeter
    - - Responsible for protein synthesis
      - Not membrane bound and not considered organelles
  - - - DNA is enclosed in nucleoid
  - - - DNA & RNA is in a nucleus bound by a double membrane
      - Nucleus
        
        contains most of the cell's genes
        
        DNA is organized into units called chromosomes
        
        Chromatin make up chromosomes
      - Nuclear envelope - Membrane that surrounds the nucleus
      - Nucleolus - Where RNA is mostly made
- - - - Golgi apparatus
        
        Organelles that modify, store, & route products of the endoplasmic reticulum & synthesis some products
        
        Organelles in eukaryotic cells made of stacks of flat membranous sacs
        
        "Warehouse for receiving storing, shipping, and even some manufacturing
      - Lysosomes
        
        Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes
        
        Used to digest macromolecules
        
        works best in acidic environments
        
        Phagocytosis a process done by many protists by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles
  - - - Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another
    - - Largest vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
      - Food vacuoles formed by phagocytosis
      - Contractile vacuoles pump excess water out of the cell
        
        Maintains a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell
      - Central vacuole
        
        Found in mature plant cells
        
        Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles
  - - - Surface lacks ribosomes
      - Functions in diverse metabolic processes.
        
        Includes synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs & poisons, & storage of calcium ions
    - - Studded with ribosomes on the outer surface
      - Many cells secrete proteins produced by ribosomes
      - Most secretory proteins are glycoproteins
        
        Proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them
- - - - Thin & flexible layer
      - surrounds the plasma membrane of a young plant cell
    - - Between primary walls of adjacent cells
      - Thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins
    - - between the plasma membrane & the primary wall
      - Deposited in several laminated layers
  - - - Forms strong fibers outside the cell
      - Accounts for 40% of the total protein in the human body
      - Embedded in network woven out of proteoglycans
        
        Consists of small core proteins with many carbohydrate chains
    - - Fibronectin & other ECM proteins bind to cell receptor proteins call integrins
        
        Built into the plasma membrane