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Genetics and Nervous system, THE EYE, THE BRAIN, DNA and GENES, PROTEIN…
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THE EYE
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CORNEA: Transparent curved surface, refracts light toward retina
IRIS: Coloured part, contains muscles to contract pupil
PUPIL: Hole in the centre of iris, light entry point
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FOVEA: area of retina with the highest concentration of cones , providing sharpest vision. where most light is concentrated to
BLIND SPOT: Where the optic nerve leaves eye, no recpetors
NEAR OBJECT : Ciliary contract, Suspensory loosen. Lens is made thicker and rounder
FAR OBJECT: Ciliary relax, Suspensory tighten. Lens is made thinner and flatter
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HYPEROPIA ( Long) : Long eyeball or weak lens, image formed behind retina
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THE BRAIN
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CEREBRUM: Controls voluntary actions, split in two hemispheres
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MEDULLA OBLONGATA: controls involuntary actions : heartbeat, breathing, digestion
HYPOTHALAMUS: body temperture regulation, hunger and thirst
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CT SCANS: Uses Xrays to make 3D images, detects bleeding and tumours
PET SCANS: Uses radioactive glucose to detect active areas, used to identiy active regions during activites
MRI SCAN: Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to make images, used to detect injuries and structural abnomralities
DNA and GENES
Mutation: a change in the DNA sequence, and can come from a shift in the bases order in the gene
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Substitution: One base is replaced by another, changing an amino acids or having no effect
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BASES: Adenine , Guanine, Thymine , Cytosine
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Each nucleotide has a sugar, phosphate and base
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
TRANSCRIPTION
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- DNA unzips: hydrogen bonds between base pairs break, exposing bases
- RNA nucleotides (A U C G) line up next to template strand by complementary pairing ( DNA A - RNA U, DNA T - RNA A, DNA C - RNA G, DNA G - RNA C)
- RNA polymerase enzyme joins RNA nucleotides together to form a strand of mRNA (messaenger RNA)
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- mRNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore and travels to ribosome in the cytoplasm
TRANSLATION
- the mRNA attaches to a ribosome
- The mRNA is read in codons ( 3 bases) to code for a specific amino acid
- tRNA (transfer RNA) molecules bring the correct amino acids to the ribosome, using an anticodon to pair to a matching codon on the mRNA
- The ribosome joins amino acids together using peptide bonds , forming a polypeptide chain
- The chain folds into specific 3d shapes to become a functional protein
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