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Tour of the Cell - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Selective barrier made of a phospholipid bilayer that regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell.
    - - Semifluid, jellylike substance, contains sub cellular components
    - - Structures that carry genetic information in the form of DNA
    - - Complexes that synthesize proteins based on instructions from the genes
  - - - DNA Location
        
        Concentrated in a non membrane bound region; nucleic
      - Chromosome
        
        Usually a single, circular chromosome
      - Organelles
        
        No membrane bound organelles
      - Ribosomes
        
        Smaller
      - Size
        
        Smaller than eukaryotes(1-5 micrometers)
      - Other structures
        
        Many have a cell wall
        
        Sticky outer capsule
        
        Flagella for motility
        
        Pili for attachment
  - - - DNA Location
        
        Housed with double membraned nucleus
      - Chromosome
        
        Multiple, linear chromosomes
      - Organelles
        
        Abundant membrane bound organelles
      - Ribosomes
        
        Larger
      - Size
        
        Larger than prokaryotes(10-100 micrometers)
      - Examples
        
        Protists
        
        Fungi
        
        Animals
        
        Plants
  - - - Cell Wall
        
        Outer layer made of cellulose that maintains cell shape
        
        Prevents excessive water uptake
      - Chloroplasts
        
        Site of photosynthesis
      - Central Vacuole
        
        Large vacuole that stores water, maintains pressure, and breaks down waste.
      - Plasmodesmata
        
        Channels in cell walls that connect cytoplasms of adjacent cells
    - - Lysosomes
        
        Organelles that contain digestive enzymes
      - Centrosomes with Centrioles
        
        Microtubules are initiated here
        
        Play a role in cell division
      - Flagella
        
        Appendeges present in some animal cells
        
        Example: Sperm
      - Extracellular Matrix(ECM)
        
        A network of glycoproteins outside the cell membrane
- - - - Nuclear Envelope
        
        Double membrane enclosing the nucleus. Perforated by nuclear pores
      - Nuclear Pore
        
        Complex of proteins regulates the entry and exit of proteins, RNAs, and other large molecules
      - Nuclear Lamina
        
        Netlike array of protein filaments
        
        Maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope
      - Nucleolus
        
        Dense structure within the nucleus where rRNA is synthesized and assembled with proteins
  - - - The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes
    - - A very long DNA molecule with many proteins, visible as condensed structure during cell division
      - We have 46 chromosomes in most cells
    - - Histones are proteins that help package DNA into a compact form to prevent tangling and regulating gene expression
  - - - Free Ribosomes
        
        Suspended in cytosol
        
        They synthesize proteins that function within the cytosol
      - Bound Ribosomes
        
        Attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope.
        
        They synthesize proteins
        
        For insertion into membranes
        
        Packaging within certain organelles
        
        For exporting from the cell
  - - - In the nucleus
      - Gene's DNA sequence is used as a template to synthesize a molecule of messenger RNA
    - - pre-mRNA transcript is modified
        
        5' cap and poly-A tail are added
        
        non coding regions are spliced out
        
        leaves coding regions
    - - mRNA-> Protein
- - - - Hollow tubes made of protein, tubulin
    - - Maintains cell shape
      - Acts as a track for motor proteins to move vesicles
      - Separates chromosomes during cell division
      - Form the core of cilia and flagella
  - - - Maintain cell shape
      - Responsible for muscle contraction
      - Enable cell crawling
    - - Twisted chains of protein, actin
  - - - Most stable component
      - Provides mechanical support
      - Anchors organelles in place
      - Forms the nuclear lamina
    - - Strong, rope like fibers made of proteins like keratin
- - - - Site of cellular respiration
        
        Process that uses oxygen to convert chemical energy in food into ATP(cell's main energy currency)
    - - Smooth outer membrane
      - Foldede inner membrane(folds called Cristal)
      - Fluid inside is the matrix
  - - - Process that turns solar energy into chemical energy in the form of sugar
    - - A stack of thylakoids is known as a granum
      - Is surrounded by a fluid known as the stroma
  - - - Both organelles have a double membrane
      - Have their own circular DNA
      - Bacteria like 70s ribosomes
      - Reproduce by binary fission
- - - - Limit Microscope(LM)
        
        Has a 200 nm resolution
        
        Can see most cells between 1-100 micrometers(µm)
        
        Visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses
        
        Lenses refract the light to magnify the image
        
        Use Case: To observe cells
        
        Stains are used to increase contrast
        
        Example: Viewing blood cells or bacteria
      - Human Eye
        
        Can see as small as 200 micro meters
      - Electron Microscopes
        
        Focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface
        
        Has a higher resolution because the electrons' wavelength is much shorter than that or protons
        
        Limit: The method used to prepare the specimen kill the cells
        
        Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM)
        
        The electron beam passes through a thin slice of the specimen
        
        Is used to study internal structures of cells
        
        Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM)
        
        The electron beam scans the surface of the specimen
        
        Often coated with thin film of gold
        
        Resulting in a 3D image of the specimen's surface
      - Definition: Is the field of using microscopes other than view objects and areas of objects that cannot be see with the naked eye
      - Tool for cell biology
      - Magnification
        
        Image size compared to its actual size
      - Resolution
        
        Measure of clarity of an image
        
        Is the minimum distance two points can be separated yet still be distinguished as separate points.
  - - - Definition: Polymers of amino acids
      - Monomer
        
        Amino acid
      - Polymer
        
        Polypeptide
      - Functions and Examples
        
        Enzymes
        
        Catalyze reactions
        
        Structure
        
        Keratin in hair
        
        Transport
        
        Hemoglobin
        
        Movement
        
        Actin and Myosin in muscles
    - - Definition: A diverse group of hydrophobic molecules, not true polymers
      - Phospholipids
        
        Amphipathic molecules that from cell membranes
        
        Hydrophobic tails
        
        Hydrophilic head
      - Triglycerides(Fats)
        
        Made of glycerol and three fatty acids
        
        Main function Is long term energy storage
    - - Definition: Sugars and their polymers
      - Monomers
        
        Monosaccharide
        
        Glucose
        
        Fructose
      - Polymer
        
        Polysaccharide
      - Functions and Examples
        
        Energy
        
        Glucose is the primary fuel for cells
        
        Storage
        
        Glycogen in animals
        
        Starch in plants
        
        Structure
        
        Cellulose in plant cell walls
    - - Definition: Polymers that store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
      - Monomer: Nucleotide
        
        Sugar+Phosphate+Nitrogenous base
      - Polymers:
        
        DNA(Deoxyribonucleic Acid
        
        Double Helix stranded
        
        Stores the genetic blueprint for the cell
        
        RNA(Ribonucleic Acid)
        
        Carries out the instructions from DNA for protein synthesis
        
        Single stranded
  - - - A centrifuge spins test tubes holding mixtures of disrupted cells in sets of increasing speed.
        
        At each speed, the pellets settle components, which can be collected
    - - Low Speed; Whole cells, nuclei, and cytoskeleton settle
      - Medium Speed: Mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, peroxisomes
      - High Speed: Microsomes
      - Very High Speed: Ribosomes
- - - - Structure: Network of membranous sacs
      - Rough ER
        
        Appearance: Studded with ribosomes on its outer surface, creating a "rough" appearance
        
        Functions
        
        Protein Synthesis & Modification
        
        Ribosomes synthesize proteins directly into the ER lumen or membrane
        
        Proteins are folded, and glycoproteins are formed
        
        Membrane Factory
        
        Produces phospholipids and proteins for its own membrane and for other organelles
        
        Vesicle Formation
        
        Pinches off transport vesicles to deliver to other parts of the cell
        
        Mainly the Golgi apparatus
      - Smooth ER
        
        Appearance: Lacks ribosomes, gives it a "smooth" appearance
        
        Functions:
        
        Lipid Synthesis
        
        Synthesizes lipids, oils, phospholipids and steroids
        
        Detoxification
        
        Detoxifies drugs and poisons
        
        Calcium Storage
        
        Stores calcium ions
        
        Necessary for muscle contraction and cell signaling
    - - Structure
        
        Flattened membranous sacs(cisternae), arranged in stacks
      - Polarity
        
        Cis face(receiving)
        
        Located near the ER, receives transport vesicles
        
        Trans Face(Shipping)
        
        Faces away from the ER, where vesicles get sent off to other locations
      - Function
        
        Modification
        
        Modifies proteins from the Rough ER
        
        Manufacturing
        
        Manufactures some macromolecules
        
        Example: Polysaccharides
        
        Sorting & Packaging
        
        Sorts and packages materials into secretory vesicles for secretion out of the cell
        
        Membrane Proteins
        
        Proteins made in the RER and sent through the Golgi can become part of the plasma membrane
    - - Definition: Membranous sacs that contain digestive enzymes that work best in acidic enviornments
      - Formed by budding from the trans face of the Golgi
      - Functions
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        Fuse with food vacuoles to digest them
        
        Autophagy
        
        Recycle the cell's own organic material by breaking down broken organelles and macromolecules
    - - Definition: Large vesicles from the ER and Golgi
      - Central Vacuole
        
        Large, obvious vacuole that contains cell sap, inorganic ions
        
        Plays a major role in plant cell growth by maintaining turgor pressure
        
        Turgor Pressure: Force of water inside a plant cell pushing out against its cell wall
      - Food Vacuoles
        
        Formed by phagocytosis to hold food particles for digestion
      - Contractile Vacuoles
        
        In freshwater protists
        
        Pump excess water out of the cell
- - - - Produces hydrogen peroxide in the process
        
        Uses the enzyme, catalase, to convert it to water
  - - - Centrioles
        
        Definition: Barrel shaped structure found in pairs in side the centrosome of animal cells
        
        Main job: To organize microtubules that form the mitotic spindle, to separate chromosomes during cell division
        
        Analogy: Anchors for the ropes that pull copied chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell
        
        Makes sure each new cell gets a complete set