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Chapter 6: Tour of the Cell - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 6: Tour of the Cell
Microscopy
Light Microscope: Visible light is passed through a specimen and through a glass lens
Parameters of microscopy
Magnification: Ration of an objects image to real size
Resolution: The measure of the clarity of the image, or the minimum distance of two points
Contrast: Visible difference in brightness between samples
Electron Microscope: study subcellular structures
Transmission electron microscope (TEMs): mainly used to study the internal structure of cells through a beam of electrons
Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs): focus a light of electrons onto a surface of a specimen which makes a 3D Effects
Difference in Cells
Basic features: Plasma membrane, semi-fluid called cytosol, chromosomes (carry genes), ribosomes (make protiens)
Eukaryotic: Big, double bound membrane nucleus and organelle organism
Prokaryotic: small, nucleus absent, non-membraned bound organelle, organism
Cell Organelle and Functions
Information Central
Nucleus: Contains most of the cell's genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle
Nuclear envelope: encloses the nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm
Nuclear lamina: The nuclear side of the envelope, which is composed of the proteins and maintains the shape of the nucleus
DNA
Chromosomes: discrete units that contains one DNA molecule associated with proteins
Nucleolus: Located in the nucleus, which is the site of the ribosomal (RNA) synthesis
Protein Factories
Ribosomes: Made of ribosomal RNA and build proteins
Endomembrane system: These are transferred by vesicles
Endoplasmic Reticulum: account for more than half of the total membrane and is continuous with nuclear envelope
Rough ER: stubbed with ribosomes, secretes glycoprotein, transports vesicles, mebrane factory
Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids, detox drugs and poisons, stores calcium
Golgi apparatus: consist of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae, modifies productions of ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, sorts and package materials into transport vesicles
Lysosome: membranous sac of enzymes that can digest macromolecules and works best inside the lysosome acidic environment
Vacuoles: Large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi Apparatus
Centeral Vacuoles: Found in mature plant cells, contains a solution called sap
Contractile Vacuoles: found in freshwater protist and pump excess water out of cells
Food vacuoles: formed by phagocytosis
Plasma Membrane
Energy
Mitochondria: sites of cellular respiration, metabolic process that use oxygen to generate ATP
Chloroplast: found in plants and algae which are the sites of photosynthesis
Structures include Thylakoids which are stacked to form granum, and the Stroma is the internal fluid
Peroxisomes: contains enzymes which removes hydrogen atoms and transfers to oxygen
Support and structure
Motor proteins: interacts with cytoskeleton to produce cell motility
Microtubules: hollow rods which Shape the cell, guiding movement of organelles, and separate chromosomes during cell division
Centrosomes: near the nucleus and microtubules are grown out of here
Centrioles: in pairs and has nine triplets of microtubules arrange in a ring
Microfilaments: Supports the cel shape and are built in double chain which is called actin
Myosin: Protein in microfilaments that also gives cell motility
Cytoplasmic streaming: Circular flow within cells driven by actin interactions.
Pseudopodia: Cells crawl along surfaces by extending and moving towards them
Cell wall: extracelluar structure
Middle lamella: Thin layer containing poly saccharides called pectin
Primary cell wall: relatively thin and flexible
Secondary cell wall: added between primary wall and plasma membrane (In some cells)
Extracellular matrix: made up of glyoprotiens
Collagen
Proteoglycans
Fibronectin