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A TOUR OF THE CELL - Coggle Diagram

- - - - ratio of an object image to its real size
    - - measures the clarity of the image
    - - visible differences in brightness between parts of the sample
  - - - provide images tha look 3-D
    - - focus a beam of electrons through a specimen
      - mainly used to study the internal structure of cells
- - - - prokaryotes,fungi and some protists have cell walls
      - may have multiple layers
        
        middle lamella
        
        thin layer btn primary walls containing polysaccharides called pectins
        
        secondary cell wall
        
        added between the plasma membrane and primary cell wall
        
        primary cell wall
        
        relatively thin and flexible, secreted first
    - - made of glycoproteins like collagen, proteoglycans and fibronectin
      - can regulate a cell behavior by communicating with a cell thru integrins
      - can influence the activity of genes in the nucleus
  - - - channels that connect plant cells
      - water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell
    - - membrane of neighboring cells are pressed together preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
    - - fasten cells together into strong sheets
    - - communicating junctions
        
        provide cytoplasmic channels btn adjacent cells
- - - - the nucleus contains most of DNA in eukaryotic cell
  - - - selective barrier than allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients to service the volume of every cell
    - - use information in DNA to make proteins
      - build proteins in two ways
        
        in the cytosol
        
        free ribosome
        
        on the outside of endoplasmic reticulum
        
        bound ribosomes
    - - stores genetic materials
    - - fluid portion
      - supports and maintains cell's function
- - - - shaping the cell
      - guiding movements of organelles
      - separating chromosomes during cell division
    - - support the cell shape
      - bundles make up the core of microvilli of intestinal cells
    - - more permanent cytoskeleton fixtures
      - support cell shape and fix organelles in place
- - - - protects cell genetic materials
    - - accounts for half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
      - smooth ER
        
        lacks ribosomes
        
        synthesizes lipids
        
        detoxifies drugs and proteins
        
        stores calcium ions
      - Rough ER
        
        surface is sudded with ribosomes
        
        distributes transport vesicles
        
        is a membrane factory for the cell
        
        has bound ribosomes which secrete glycoproteins
    - - modifies products of ER
      - sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
      - manufactures certain macromolecules
    - - fuses with the food vacuole and digests conttents
      - use enzymes to recycle the cells own organelles annd macromolecules
    - - food vacuoles
        
        found in many fresh water
      - contractile vacuoles
        
        formed by phagocytosis
      - central vacuoles
        
        found in many mature plant cells playsa greater role in growth of pants
    - - controls what enters and leaves the cells helping maintain a stable internal environments
      - structure
        
        phospholipid bilayer
        
        main components
        
        has two layers with hydrophilic heads facing outwards and hydrophobic tails facing inwards
        
        proteins
        
        which transport materials, acts as receptors or serve as enzymes
        
        cholesterol
        
        adds stability and flexibility to the membrane
        
        carbohydrates
        
        help in cell recognition
- - - - use for fuel for respiration
      - detoxifies alcohol and other harmful substances in liver
- - - - formed by phagocytosis
    - - fond in many freshwater protists, pump out excess water out of the cells
    - - found in mature plants cells
      - the cell's main repository of inorganic ions including potassium and chloride
      - plays a major role in growth of plants