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Microbial Genetics - Coggle Diagram
Microbial Genetics
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The Structure of DNA:
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1953: James Watson and Francis Crick determined the double helix structure of DNA with help from Rosalind Franklin's findings
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A double helix polymer
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5' end has a phosphate group, while the 3' end has a hydroxyl group
DNA Replication:
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Begins at a specific DNA sequence called the origin of replication. (Prok: usually a single origin, Euk: multiple)
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The Flow of Genetic Info
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In bacteria, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously because the mRNA is made in the cytoplasm
Mutations:
Frameshift mutation: occurs when one or more nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted in the DNA, which almost always results in an inactive protein (Ex: Huntington's disease)
Spontaneous Mutations: occur in the absence of a mutagen, often due to errors in DNA Replication (1 in a million rate)
Mutagens: agents like chemicals or UV light that cause mutations and can increase the mutation rate by 10 to 1000 times
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Gene Transfer:
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Horizontal Gene Transfer: genes are passed to other microbes of the same generation. This involves a donor cell and a recipient cell.
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Steps of Translation
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Elongation: tRNAs molecules bring the correct amino acids, and the amino acid chain grows.
Termination: the process ends when a stop codon is reached. (amino acid chain is then processed, in Euk (amino acid chain then moves into the ER to be further processed)
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