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Plant Cellular Structure, tracheids, prevention of apoplastic movement -…

- - - - limits plant size
        
        Thicker tissues could not be supported
    - - high uv radiation
        
        damaged cells
    - - relied on water
        
        spore dispersal
  - - - derived novel trait
    - - shared derived trait
    - - derived new trait
    - - novel trait
  - - - spores
        
        trilete marks
    - - dichotomous branching
    - - complex structures
        
        stomata
        
        stomata
        
        specialized epidermal structure that balances gas exchange and water loss
        
        conducting tissues
    - - cryptospores
        
        macrofossils
    - - water conducting cell
  - - - Haploid gametophyte
      - diploid sporophyte
    - - waxy cuticle
      - vascular tissues
    - - evolution of seeds
      - flowers
- - - - rudimentary pores
        
        no substromal cavity
        
        water logged tissue
        
        connection to reproduction
        
        desiccating sporophyte
    - - guard cells
        
        closing and opening
        
        prevent water loss
        
        plasma membrane proton pump
        
        hyper polarizes membrane
        
        increases negative potential
        
        influx of K+ ions
        
        drives water intake
        
        osmosis
        
        increases turgor pressure
      - intercellular spaces
    - - own ATP
    - - how much carbon fixation compared to water loss
    - - angiosperms
        
        eudicot
        
        bean/kidney shaped guard cells
        
        irregular spacing
        
        monocot
        
        dumbell shaped guard cells
        
        linear array
  - - - rhizoids
        
        unicellular projections
        
        mainly anchorage
        
        minimal mineral uptake
      - rhizomorphs
        
        dichotomous rooting system
        
        lateral root hair
        
        no chlorophyll, no stomata, no root cap
        
        extant lycophytes
        
        burfurcating
        
        root hair
        
        no quiescent center
    - - epidermis over root cap
        
        anticlinal divisions only
        
        independent evolution
    - - diversity infer phylogeny
        
        similar genes across taxa
    - - primary
        
        main root
        
        dominant in edict
      - lateral
        
        derived from stems and leaves
        
        dominent in monocot
        
        pericycle->lateral root development
    - - highly differentiated multicellular axis
        
        found only in sporophytes of vascular plants
      - functions
        
        anchor
        
        absorption
        
        water
        
        nutrients
      - features
        
        apical meristem
        
        quiescent center
        
        rarely divides; backup
        
        pericycle
        
        pluripotent
        
        endodermis
        
        root hairs
        
        single celled
        
        absorption of water and minerals
        
        osmosis of hypotonic soil
        
        cortex
        
        large storage area
        
        outermost layer
        
        hypodermis
        
        exodermis
        
        casparian strip
        
        1 more item...
        
        root cap
        
        evolved independently
        
        lycophyte
        
        euphyllophyte
        
        protection
    - - lycophytes
        
        no root cap, no root hair
      - monocot
        
        pith in center
        
        endodermis, casparian strip
        
        surrounded by cortex, epidermis
        
        xylem and phloem
      - eudicot
        
        NO PITH
        
        everything else
  - - - initial challenges
        
        high atmospheric temperature
        
        low stomal density
        
        lack efficient vascular tissue
    - - lycophyte
      - euphyllophytes
        
        independent evolution
    - - photosynthesis
    - - 5 independent evolutions
        
        liverwort gametophyte
        
        moss gametophyte
        
        lycophyte sporophyte
        
        monilophyte sporophyte
        
        spermatophyte sporophyte
    - - mitosis of a single cell
        
        liverwort and moss
      - microphyll
        
        lycophyte
        
        mitosis of 2 epidermal cell
      - frond
        
        monilophytes (fern)
        
        mitosis of a single apical cell
        
        shoot like development
      - euphyllis
        
        seed plants
        
        multicellular shoot apical meristem
    - - small progression from stem outgrowth
    - - chlorenchyma
        
        ground tissue
        
        specialized parenchyma
        
        contains chloroplasts
        
        photosynthesis
      - aeroynchyma
        
        contains air spaces
        
        gas exchange
        
        buoyancy
      - collenchyma
        
        thickened primary cell wall
        
        flexible support
    - - lycophylls
        
        microphyll
        
        single vascular trace connects directly to stem
        
        mesophyll, epidermis, stomata
      - monocot
        
        epidermis
        
        covered by cuticle and stomata
        
        mesophyll
        
        palisade and spongy
        
        veins
      - eudicot
        
        dermal tissue
- - - - polysporangiate
        
        large complex plant
- - - - root to leave/soil to atmosphere
        
        water cycle
    - - water potential
        
        water moves from less negative to more negative
        
        pressure potential
        
        effect pressure has
        
        turgid cell=positive
        
        atmospheric pressure = 0
        
        osmotic potential
        
        effect solute has
        
        always negative
        
        matric potential
        
        adhesion of molecules
        
        always negative
      - water act or move
      - polarity
        
        lower polarity when surrounded by ion
  - - - soil to atmosphere
        
        released from stomata
        
        water potential gradient
        
        osmosis due to hypertonic soil
  - - - source
        
        where its made
      - sink
        
        storage area
        
        fruit
      - sieve tube elements
        
        companion cell
        
        decreases water potential
        
        water enters because of water potential gradient
        
        turgor pressure
- - - - synapomorphy
        
        vascular tissue
    - - tracheids
  - - - water level based on environment
    - - bryophytes (nonvascular)
      - no plasmadata
        
        cavitation
      - no lignin
    - - died at maturity
        
        thickens lignin walls
    - - torus-margo pit
    - - angiosperm
      - large diameter
  - - - sieve cells
        
        albuminous cells
        
        gymnosperms only have these
        
        lacks sieve plate
        
        sieve pore narrow
      - transport of photosynthate, sugar
      - sieve tube elements
        
        sieve plate
        
        callose and callose plug
        
        companion cell
        
        connected by plasomodata
  - - - root with pith, shoot without pith
    - - root without pith, stem with pith
    - - compartmentalization
      - 3 stele types
        
        protostele
        
        lycophyte
        
        exarch
        
        siphonostele
        
        ferns
        
        end arch
        
        eustele
  - - - selective pressure
    - - vascular Cambrian
      - annular rings
    - - water transport
    - - storage