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Audrey Flores Period 3 Skeletal - Coggle Diagram
Audrey Flores Period 3 Skeletal
Bone Remodeling
It consists of bone deposis and bone reorption
It occurs at the surface of periosteum and endosteum and remodeling units. The resorption function of osteoclasts dig depressions as they break down the matrix. Osteoclasts phagocytes demineralize matrix and dead osteocytes.
Bone deposit: Is new bone matrix that is deposited by osteoblasts
Anatomy of the Long Bone
All long bones have a bone shaft (diaphysis), bone ends (epiphyses) and membranes
diaphysis: tubular shaft that forms the axis of the bone ( consists of compact bone filled with yellow bone marrow)
Epiphysis: Ends of long bones consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally
Membranes: Periosteum and Endosteum
Periosteum: Inner osteogenic layer
Endosteum:External osteogenic layer
Joints (articulations) and examples of each one
Structural: there are three types (fibrous, cartilaginous, Synovial) based on what material binds the joint and whether a cavity is present
Fibrous joints: bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue, immovable, three types (sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses)
Syndesmoses: bones connected by ligaments bands of fibrous tissue, fiber length varies so movement varies
Gomphoses: peg-in socket joints, only examples are the teeth in aveolar sockets, fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
Sutures: interlocking joints of skull, allow for growth during youth, in middle age sutures ossify and fuse
Cartilaginous Joints: bones united by cartilage, like fibrous joints have no joint cavity, not highly movable, two types (sychondroses, sympheses)
Sychondroses: bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones, almost all are synarthrotic, ex. (temporary epiphyseal plate-cartilage of 1st rib)
Symphyses: fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint, symphyses are strong, amphiarthroses joints, ex. (intervertebral joints, pubic symphisis)
Functional classifications: three types based on movement joint allows
Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints
Diarthroses: freely movable joints
Synarthroses: immovable joints
Differences between male and female skeletons
Male skeleton: pubic triangle is more narrow than the womens, the pelvic inlet and outlet of men is also smaller
Women skeleton: wider pubic triangle, pelvic inlet and outlet are wider for child birth
Names Of all Bones
Frontal: forehead
Parietal: back of head
Occipital: Above the neck
Temporal: above the ear
Cervical: first 7 vertebral bones
Thoracic: middle vertebral 12 bones
Lumbar: last 5 vertebral bones
Sacrum: bottom of the spine
Femur: thickest bone of the leg connected to the hip
Patella: knee cap
Tibia: shin
Fibula: skinny bone next to tibia
Tarsals: ankle
Carpals: wirst
phalanges: fingers and toes
Humerus: arm bone connected to the shoulder
Radius: bone connected to the humerus on the thumb side
Ulna: bone connected to the humerus on the pinky side
Clavicle: collar bone
Scapula: Shoulder blades
Movement Allowed by Synovial Joints
Have 6 general features
Articular joint capsule (has 2 layers): External fibrous layer (dense irregular connective tissue), Inner synovial membrane (loose connective tissue that make synovial fluid)
Synovial fluid: lubricates & nourishes articular cartilage, contains phagocytic cells to remove debris
Different types of reinforcing ligaments: Capsular (thickened part of fibrous layer) Extracapsular (outside the capsule) Intracapsular (deep to capsule covered by synovial membrane)
Joint synovial cavity: small fluid-potential pockets that is only found in synovial joints
Nerves and blood vessels: Nerves (detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch), Blood Vessels (capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid)
Have Articular Cartilage: covers ends of bones to prevent crushing of bone ends
Have bursae and tendon sheaths associated with them
Bursae: reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
Tendon Sheaths: elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction
6 different types of joints and their movements
Saddle Joint: The articular surface is both concave and convex, they move according an adduction and abduction and flexion and extension, Ex. (carpometacarpal joints of the thumb)
Ball-and -Socket Joint: It has a spherical head that fits into a socket, it moves according a flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation, Ex. (shoulder and hip joints)
Condylar Joint: oval articular surfaces, it is a flexion and extensions and adduction (moves body part towards midline) and abduction (moves body part away from midline), Ex. (metacarpal, phalangeal, (knuckles), wrist joints)
Pivot Joint: It is axle rounded bone, it works for rotation, Ex. (proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joints)
Hinge Joint: It is cylinder shaped and is tough, it works for flexion and extension, Ex. (elbow joints, interphalangeal joints)
Plane Joint: It is in a flat articular surface that glides, Ex. (intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints between verterbral articular surfaces)
Disorders/Diseases
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Description: A genetic disorder that causes brittle bones-Causes: Frequent fractures, easily bruised, deafness-Symptoms: Muscle weakness, hearing loss, easily fractured bones-Treatment option: incurable, improved nutrition, bone marrow transplant
Osteosarcoma
Description: malignant bone tumor-Cause: age of 15, hereditary, radiotherapy for unrelated conditions-Symptoms: bone fracture, bone pain, limited movement- Treatment Options: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation
Osteoarthritis
Description: Protective cartilage at ends of bones wears down- Cause: Older age, obesity, joint injuries-Symptoms: Pain, stiffness, loss of flexibility-Treatment Options: Prescriptions, physical therapy, surgery
Osteomyelitis
Description: An infection in the bone- Causes: form puncture infection, direct containment, circulatory disorders- Symptoms:chills, fever, heat- Treatment Options: Antbiotics, Amputation, surgical drainage
Paget's Disease
Description: metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebulding of bone- Causes: hereditary, it is more common in me, age over 40- Symptoms: hip pain in pelvis, tingling and numbness in spine, bone deformity in legs and arms
Osteomalacia and Rickets
Osteomalacia: bones that are poorly mineralized, osteoid produced but calcium salts not adequately deposited soft weak bone, and pain upon bearing weight
Rickets: bowed legs and bone deformities because bone ends enlarged and abnormally long, and its cause is vitamin D deficiency and insufficient dietary calcium
Bone Fracture Repair And Different Fractures
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation; capillaries grow into hemotoma, phagocytic cells clear debris, fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers, fibroblasts, cartilage and osteogenic cells called fibrocartilagenous callus
Bony Callus Formation: within a week, the trabeculae appear fibrocartilaginous callus, callus converted into bone callus of spongy bone
Stematoma fromation: torn blood vessels hemorrage, forming mass of clotted blood called hemotoma
Bone: Remodeling: begins during boney callus formation, excess material on diaphysis exterior within the medullary cavity removed, compact bone bid down to reconstruct shaft walls, final structure resembles original
Different Fractures
Spiral: ragged break occurs when excessive twisting force, it is common in sports fracture
Epiphyseal: seperates the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate, can happen when cartilage cells die
Compression: the bone is crushed, it is common in porous bone subjected to extreme trauma
Depressed: broken bone portion pressed inward, it is a typical skull fracture
Comminuted: bone fragment is broken into 3 or more pieces, is common in older people
Greenstick: breaks incompletely/one side of the shaft breaks, common in children
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Tissue
Osteocytes: Mature bone cells in the lacunae that no longer divide, maintain bone matrix, and act as a stress/strain sensors so bone remodeling can occur
Bone-lining cells: flat cells on the bone surfaces that are believed to also help maintain matrix
Osteoblasts: They are bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid and is actively mitotic
Osteoclasts: They are derived from the same hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages, these bones help in bone resorption
Osteogenic cells: mitotically active stem cell that when simulated they can differentiate into osteoblasts, bone-lining cells, and some remain osteogenic stem cells
Types of Bones
Short Bones
Cube-shaped bones (wrist & ankles) sesamoid bones form within patella, vary in size
Flat Bones
Thin, flat, slightly curved, made up of sternum and scapulae (ribs and most skull bones)
Long Bones
longer than they are wide, limb bones
Irregular Bones
complicated shapes vertebrae (hip bones)