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Skeletal System Sariah Lozano Period 3 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System Sariah Lozano Period 3
Skeletal system/the bones:
Axial Skeleton
cranial:
-Frontal bone/forehead
-Zygomatic bone/cheekbone
-Mandible/jaw
-Maxilla
-Cervicle vertebrae
Ribcage:
-Sternum
-True ribs
-Clavicle
-Scapula
-Thoracic vertebrae
Appendicular skeleton
upper extremity:
-Humorous
-Ulna
-Radius
-Carpals
-Metacarpals
-Phalanges
lower extremity:
-Coxal bone
-Femur
-Tibia
-Fibula
-Tarsals
-Metatarsals
-Phalanges
Types of Bones
Long Bones:
-Longer than wide
-Limb bones
-ex. Humerus, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Radius, Ulna
Short Bones:
-Cube shaped
-Sesamoid bones form w/in tendons
-Vary in size and number
-ex. carpals and tarsals,
Flat Bones:
-Thin
-Flat
-Slightly curved
ex. Sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
Irregular Bones:
-Complicated shapes
-ex Vertebrae, hip bones
Anatomy of the Long Bone
Diaphysis:
-Tubular shaft
-Forms long axis of bone
-Compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity
-filled with yellow bone marrow
Epiphses:
-ends of long bones
-compact bone externally, spongy bone internally
-articular cartilage covers articuclar surfaces
Epiphyseal line
-Between diaphysis and epiphses
Membranes:
Periosteum:
-white
-double-layered membrane
-covers external surfaces except joints
-Fibrous layer:
outer layer, dense irregular connective tissue, sharpey's fibers secure to bone matrix
-Osteogenic layer:
inner layer,
Endosteum:
-Connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface
-Covers trabeuclae of spongy bone
-Contains osteogenic cells that van differantiate into other bone cells
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Tissue
1) Osteogenic cells/osteoprogeniter cells
-Mitosis active stem cells in the periosteum and endosteum
-Can differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells or remain the same
2) Osteoblasts
-Cells that form bones
-secrete osteoid/bone matrix
-Osteoid made up of collagen and calcium-binding proteins
-Actively Mitotic
3) Osteocytes
-Mature bone cells in lacunae
-No longer mitotic
-Act as stress/strain sensors
-Maintain bone matrix
4) Bone Lining Cells
-Flat cells on bone surface
-help maintain matrix
5) Osteoclasts
-Giant and multinucleate cells
-Function in bone resorption
-When active locate to depressions
Bone Remodeling
Consists of bone deposit and bone resorption and occurs at peristeum and endosteum
Resorption
-Function of osteoclasts
-process of removing and digesting old bone tissue
-Dip depressions as they break down matrix
-Secrete lysosomal enzyms and proteins to digest matrix
-Acidic and convert calcium slats to soluble forms
-Osteoclasts phagocytize(eat) demineralized matrix and dead osteocytes
Bone Deposit
-Occurs when a bone is injured or added strength is needed
-New bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts
Bone Fracture Repair
Fractures are breaks
-Most result from trauma at young ages
-Most result from bone weakness from bone thinning ast old age
Joints/Articulations
Fibrous (structural):
-No joint cavity
-Connects bones by dense fibrous connective tissue
-Immovable depending on length of connective tissue fibers
-Three types
Sutures:
-Rigid, interlocking joints of skull
-For growth during youth
-At middle age they solidify
-Synostoses: immovable sutures
Syndesmoses:
-Connects bone to ligaments
-fibrous tissue
-Fiber length and movements vary
Gomphoses:
-Peg in socket joints (ex. teeth in alveolar sockets)
-Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
Cartilaginous (structural):
-United by catilage
-No joint cavity
-Not vary movable
Synchondroses
-Hyaline cartilage connecting bones
-Immovable/Synarthrotic (functional classification) (ex. cartilage of 1st rib with manubrium of sternum)
Symphyses
-Fibrocartilage unites bones in symphysis (functional classification) (ex. intervertebral joints)
-Slightly movable
Synovial (structural):
-Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
-Diarthrotic/freely movable (functional classification)
-Almost all limb joints
Characteristics:
-six general features
-bursae (reduse friction where things rub together) and tendon sheaths (wrapped around tendons subjected to friction) associated with them
-Stability, influenced by threee factors
-Seveeral types of movemments
-classified into six different types
-Plane
-Hinge
-Pivot
-Condylar
-Saddle
-Ball and socket
Articuclar cartilage:
-Hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones to prevent crushing of bone ends
Joints(synovial)cavity:
-small and fluid filled potential space (unique to synovial joints)
Articular capsule:
-External fibrous layer: dense irregular connective tissue
-Inner synovial membrane: loose connective tissue; makes synovial fluid
Synovial fluid:
viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
-lubricated articular cartilage
-has phagocytic cells to remove micros and debris
Reinforcing ligaments:
Capsular:
Thickened part of fibrous layer
Extracapsular:
Outside the capsule
Intracapsular
: Deep to capsule, covered by synovial membrane
Nerves and Blood Vessels
-Nerves detect pain, monitor joint postition and stretch
-Capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
Gliding:
Flat bone surface glides/slips over another similar surface
-ex. inter carpal joints
Angular:
Increase/decrease angle between two bones, along sagittal plane
Flexion:
decrease angle of the joint
Extension:
increase angle of the joint
Hyperextension:
beyond the anatomical position
Abduction:
along frontal plane, away from midline
Adduction:
along frontal plane, towards midline
Circumduction: i
nvolves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb
Rotation:
Turning of bone around its own long axis, toward or away from midline
-rotation of humerus and femur
Medial:
rotation toward midline
Lateral:
rotation away from midline
Special:
Supination:
palms face anteriorly
Pronation:
palms face posteriorly
Dorsiflexion:
bending foot towards skin
Planter flexion:
pointing toes
Inversion:
sole of foot faces medially
Eversion:
sole of foot faces laterally
Protraction:
mandible juts out
Retraction:
mandible is pulled toward neck
Elevation:
lifting body part superiorly
Depression:
lowering body part
Opposition:
movement of thumb
Differences between Male and Female skeletons
Male:
-Narrower pelvic angle, inlet, and outlet compared to females
-Tend to have larger bones
-Greater bone density
-Larger skulls
Female:
-Wider pelvic angle, inlet, and out let
-Tend to have smaller bones
-smaller skull
Skeletal Diseases/Disorders
Osteoarthritis
The protective cartilage at the ends of bones wears down
Risks/Causes
-Aging
-Common in females
-Bone deformities
-Obesity
Symptoms
-Tenderness
-Pain
-Stiffness
-Grating sensation
Treatments
-Cortisone injections
-Physical therapy
-splints and/or braces
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Genetic disorder that causes brittle bones
Risks/Causes
-Blue sclera
-Mircognathia
-Limb deformity and shortening
Symptoms
-Congential mutation
-frequent fractures
-Bone bowing
Treatments
-Uncurable
-Improve nutrition
-Bone marrow transplant
Osteosarcoma
Malignant bone tumor
Risks/Causes
-Age (~15 years of age)
-Heredity
-Linkable to flouridated water
Symptoms
-Bone fracture
-Bone pain
-Redness, swelling, tenderness
Treatmeants
-Surgery
-Chemotherapy
-Radiation
-Limb amputation
Osteomyelities
Infection in the bone
Risks/Causes
-Staohylococus
-Bacteria track from the bloodstream into bone
-IV catheterization
-Orthopedic surgery
Symptoms
-Lethargic
-Fever, heat
-Redness
Treatments
-Antibiotics
-Surgical drainage
-Hyperbaric oxygen
-Amputation
Paget's Disease
Metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of bone
Risks/Causes
-Unknown
-More common in men
-Hereditary
-Possible viral infection
Symptoms
-Hip pain in pelvis
-Hearing loss/headaches
-Tingling and numbness in spine
Treatments
-Medications
-surgery
-Joint replacement
-Realignment of bone