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Chemistry, Hydrocarbons - Coggle Diagram
Chemistry
Atomic Structure
Development of the Atomic Model
Dalton:
Atom is a solid sphere.
Thompson's Plum Pudding:
Electrons discovered; atom remodelled as a positively charged cloud interspersed with negative electrons- like a plum pudding
Rutherford and alpha scattering:
Rutherford fires alpha particles at foil. Under the PP model they should have gone straight through, but some were deflected and some bounced off completely. Nucleus discovered, leads to the
nuclear model
of a positive nucleus with orbiting electrons
Bohr's shells:
Bohr realises electrons orbit at fixed distances from the nucleus, names these
Electron shells/Energy levels
Protons discovered:
Sub-particles of the nucleus are found, named protons
Chadwick:
Discovers a particle with no charge- named electrons and concludes it resides in the nucleus
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Bonding
Ions
Hydrocarbons
Make up crude oil/oil products; primarily used as fuels or polymers
Crude oil is seperated through
Fractional Distillation
: Crude oil is heated and enters a fractioning column, that gets cooler at higher levels. Remaining liquid (largest hydrocarbons) are drained and used as bitumen for roads and roofs, then in ascending order (descending boiling point order): Fuel oil for ships and power, diesel for cars lorries and buses, kerosene for aircraft fuel and gasoline for cars.
Used as fuel in
Combustion
reactions- exothermic, take oxygen
Incomplete
happens with insufficient oxygen- produces a mix of raw carbon and carbon monoxide along with water
Complete
is "normal"- produces carbon dioxide and water and more energy
Large molecules: viscous, low flammability, involatile and with a high boiling point. Small molecules: Flammable, non-viscous, volatile, low boiling point.
Longer hydrocarbons are less useful and often broken down using
Cracking
: a large hydrocarbon is passed over a heated catalyst or mixed with hot steam. This breaks it down into a shorter alkane and alkene.
Types:
Alkanes
and
Alkenes
Alkanes are
Saturated
: All bonds are fulfilled, no double bonds possible. Formula: N amount of C, 2N+2 amount of H
First 4:
Monkeys Eating Peanut Butter
; Proceed as pentane, hexane etc.
Alkenes are
Unsaturated
: Contains at least one double bond. Formula: N amount of C, 2N amount of H
Hydrogen and Carbon ONLY