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RHETORIC & MEDIA STUDIES, a willingness to communicate with others to…

- - - - "media text is an individual instance of media, something made by a producer and received by a consumer, an object like a magazine for sale by the cashier at the supermarket, or something we can regard as an object, like a social media interface" (TMST 34).
      - Content
        
        Users
        
        Analytical
        
        to break things down into their parts and appreciate how they ft together. Analyzing media means getting up close, and taking seriously even types of media that might seem trivial or ephemeral. It means wanting to know about how media products are made and how they are used and understood (TMST 4).
        
        Bennett, “No wonder you have a diversity problem”
        
        Olivia’s experience outlines a contrast between the entertainment we consume and the unpublicized harm many Black, Indigenous and/or people of color (BIPOC) assistants experience working behind-the-scenes. (Benet 32)
        
        Critical
        
        To be critical is not necessarily to be negative. In scholarly circles, a critical perspective typically includes questioning and probing, and digging beneath the surface to discover underlying assumptions. Just as critical thinking means testing the logic and evidence behind different perspectives, a critical approach to media studies casts a skeptical eye and asks, why is this the way it is, and how might it have been different? (TMST 4).
        
        Cultural
        
        To see media as culture is to recognize it as a part of our way of life and our everyday experience. It also means seeing culture as a system of symbolic objects and activities that have shared meaning and purpose within particular communities (TMST 5).
        
        Cultural Studies
        
        What are cultural studies?
        
        originally a British movement of the left that became infuential in the 1970s and 1980s. For this tradition of media scholarship, separating the notion of culture from the elitist concept was a key move. Another was to recognize that culture is a site of struggle between groups in society, an arena in which the powerful assert their dominance and impose their ways of thinking, but in which less powerful groups can also exercise resistance (TMST 5).
        
        Circuit Model
        
        To see media culture as a circuit, we have to cast aside the simplistic
        idea that producers create meanings that are transmitted via media to consumers who receive and understand them (TSMT 7).
        
        Ideology
        
        an ideology is a system of ideas that many members of a society share. These ideas consist of beliefs, opinions, values, and whole ways of seeing and talking about the world and one’s place in it. The ideas that make up an ideology have many sources, but a starting assumption for us will be that media are critical to their production and circulation in modern societies. Ideology is found in every kind of media, and media serve as a key vector for ideologies, alongside other institutions like schools, churches, and workplaces (TMST 111)
        
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        RuPaul’s Drag Race: Queer authenticity and strategic
        Westernness
        
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        The public screen as contextual field: Visibility and agency in
        US films about homelessness
        
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        Brown-Skinned Outlaws: An Ideographic
        Analysis of “Illegal(s)
        
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        Social Movement Rheotric
        
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        LEKSMONO, MAHARANI: K-POP FANS
        
        The collaboration of K-pop fans, in particular, KPOP 4 Planet for raising climate activism awareness in the age of new media clearly demonstrates the concept of participatory culture.
        
        Industry
        
        "Media has to come from somewhere, and most often commercial media comes from companies in an industry. An industry is an arena of production, so a media industry produces media. One industry, such as the newspaper industry, is made up of all of the companies that make the same kind of products, such as print papers and digital news sites" (TMST 11).
        
        "Media texts, often called content within the business of media, are the output of media industries. These include movies, TV shows, magazines, videos, records, and games. In the circuit of culture, industry is at one point along a circle that includes text and audience, and together these three concepts form a loop" (TMST 12)
        
        Revenue: "refers to all of the earnings coming into a company, while profit refers to revenue minus expenditures. It’s possible to have large revenue and small profits, or none at all, if expenditures are high" (TSMT 13).
        
        Political Economy of Media: The area of media studies that focuses on how media are produced within a capitalist system (TMST 14).
        
        Development Gap
        
        Lore: "reinforces gendered logic that the film projects of female storytellers are too small. By focusing on three particular examples of lore—what stories women cannot sell, what stories they cannot tell, what stories they can tell—the development phase reflects the endless burden for women of proving their value in the creative workplace" (The Value Gap 65).
        
        Tilly Norwood
        
        Roles of Film Development
        
        Film development roles
        Creative producer: acquires rights to develop scription (optioning).
        Writer/director possibly attached.
        Screenwriter may work with producer on treatment/speculative script. • Agents/managers send to executives for pitch meeting.
        Executives review + assess potential film project (Value Gap 68)
        
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        Communicative intersectionality
        
        "Despite efforts to address equality, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) in the film and television workforce, marginalized groups remain underrepresented" (Salamon & Xie 185)
        
        "Researchers have employed intersectionality to analyze EDI issues within screen industries, but they have mostly emphasized the structural and representational dimensions (Berridge, 2019; Herbert, 2018; Ozimek, 2020; Wilde, 2022). This focus typically neglects the political dimensions, which foreground how policies, industry interventions, and social movements influence marginalization and oppression" (Salmon & Xie 186).
        
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        Platformization
        
        “The penetration of infrastructures, economic processes, and governmental frameworks of digital platforms in different economic sectors and spheres of life, as well as the reorganization of cultural practices and imaginations around these platforms" (James 2).
        
        Affective Participation
        
        “In between” both powerful and powerless within broader system of platform capitalism. Affective participation examines inclusion/exclusion in communities; investigates fan labor and gatekeeping (Mann, James 4).
        
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        Careful Consumption: "Ethical consumerism has been a concern in multiple sectors: food, electronic devices, jewelry, etc. Being an ethical consumer has extended into media and cultural industry, and we have a closer understanding of how media are produced, which allows us to scrutinize media practices" (Mann, Edmond 4).
        
        Markets for virtue: “critiques of capitalism–human rights abuses, environmental devastation, globalized labor exploitation–are incorporated and sold back to consumers via branding, PR spin and an ever-growing array of niche consumer goods catering to ethical lifestyles" (Edmond 7)
        
        Moralization of markets: ethical consumer discourses ‘responsibilize’
        action on social justice and environmental concerns, and are broadly
        illustrative of a neoliberal governmentality that has limited our ability
        to imagine remedies beyond consumer behavior nudges" (Edmond 8).
        
        Motivations: personal, social, para-social
        
        Challenges: High barrier to entry, time consuming, being a killjoy
      - It refers to letters and other characters: text as opposed to images, videos, or sound fles. We call our school readings texts, including perhaps this thing you are reading right now. We refer to the text of a speech to distinguish the words, the language, from the speaker’s delivery. In these instances, texts are things to read (TMST, “Text” 35)
      - The film ultimately presents a regressive narrative on disability, made possible through the veneer of empowerment conveyed by the Ibelin avatar. To prove Mats’ life had meaning, the film argues that he successfully found love, pursued heterosexual relationships, and simulated physical intimacy as Ibelin (Mann 13)
        
        The Supercrip
        
        As a broader trope in media, the hyperpersonal supercrip is paradoxical: it uses the affordances of digital platforms to present a utopian identity, yet relies on ableist tropes to contrast this identity with one’s physical body (Mann 14)
    - - If the making of media (usually in the setting of a media industry) is production, the experience of media by audiences is reception, and we the audience are its recipients. Or it is consumption, and we are its consumers (TMST 2).
    - - Representation
        
        the inclusion or exclusion of people of different identities and the presence or absence of representations – pictures, music and lyrics – matters so much to these characters that they struggle and sacrifice over it... extensions of
        people, of cultures (TMST 81)
        
        a kind of substitution, and your representative is a delegate or stand-in for you. Instead of all of the people serving on a city council or student government, we choose leaders, voices, to speak for us all. A representation has that onus and responsibility of being the one that stands for many (TMST 82)
      - Representation
        
        the inclusion or exclusion of people of different identities and the presence or absence of representations – pictures, music and lyrics – matters so much to these characters that they struggle and sacrifice over it (TMST 81)
        
        representations, stand in for identities. They function as extensions of people, of cultures
        
        Plastic Representation
        
        the superficial or artificial inclusion of diverse characters in media, which gives the appearance of progress without offering meaningful depth or complexity (Warner)
        
        Simulated diversity and racial couvade
        
        "'Simulated Diversity' to describe a problematic trend of superficially diversifying fictional texts in a manner that links the post-historical and post-factual to the post-racial" (Deery).
        
        "examines recent color-conscious casting in order to assess a post-factual approach to
        representation"; examines Bridgeton as an example (Deery)
    - - t media companies are constrained in what they say and how they operate. They are not free just to do whatever. Media policy and regulation refers to some of the most important forces that keep media companies from just doing whatever.
    - - Media has to come from somewhere, and most often commercial media comes from companies in an industry. An industry is an arena of production, so a media industry produces media. One industry, such as the newspaper industry, is made up of all of the companies that make the same kind of products, such as print papers and digital news sites
- - - - Rhetor: the term rhetor to mean any person, group, or institution that uses rhetoric.
        
        Rhetorician: a term to describe a person who studies rhetoric
        
        Greece in 5th Century B.C.
        
        Sophists: teachers who were wise and skillful in the art of writing and delivering speeches
        
        "Speaking was central to this early experiment in democracy... the assembly served as a forum in which male athenians could speak as equals and debate matters of shred concern, such as alliances, trade, public construction, projects, or wars" (RCL Appendix 330).
        
        Dissoi Logoi: the idea that for every argument, there are one or more opposing arguments (RCL Appendix 332).
        
        Prepon: recognizing the circumstances in which you are speaking and select a rhetorical response appropriate to those circumstances (RCL Appendix 334).
        
        Kairos: saying the right thing at the right time RCL Appendix 334).
        
        Danger of Rhetoric
        
        Plato and Socrates held that people used rhetoric to obscure truth and justice, and that one could only come to know the truth through the use of philosophical methods, such as the Socratic method RCL Appendix 336).
      - Symbols
        
        "A symbol is an arbitrary representation of something else: a word, an image, or
        an artifact that represents a thing, thought, or action" (RCL 8).
        
        Verbal Symbols:
        
        symbols found in language (symbols that stand in for things
        
        Rhetor
        
        any person, group, or institution that uses rhetoric
        
        Public and Counter publics
        
        Public: "formed by people coming together to discuss common concerns, including concerns about who they are and what they should do (RCL CH10 285).
        
        Public Sphere: "the civic space created when people engage in collective democratic opinion formation and where political participation is enacted through rhetorical action" (RCL CH10 285).
        
        "regardless of the goal. publics use rhetoric to discuss matters of common concern (including determining what those concerns are), constitute identity, and construct their shared reality" (RCL CH10 285).
        
        Narrative
        
        The representation of at least two real or fictive events or situations in a time sequence, neither or which presupposes or entails the other (RCL 154)
        
        Memory
        
        Personal and Public Memory
        
        Personal: the manner in which individuals remember their own pasts
        
        Public: a type of collective memory that combines the memories of the dominant culture and fragments of the memories of marginalized groups, and that enables people to make sense of the past (RCL 156)
        
        Creating Culture & Community
        
        Implying Causation
        
        Engaging interest
        
        Authorial Intent
        
        Empirical truth
        
        Narrative Fidelity and Probability
        
        Rhetors
        
        Rhetorical Persona: ethos, roles, identity, and image a rhetor constructs and performs (or that other construct for a rhetor to perform) during a rhetorical act (RCL 188)
        
        Performance: all the activity of a given participant on a given occasion which serves to influence in any way any of the other participants (188)
        
        Ethos: character of the speaker--the character of a rhetor performed in the rhetorical act and known by the audience because of prior interactions (RCL 189)
        
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        Social Movement Rhetoric
        
        "as scholars have come to view discourse as an
        “immensely rich and complex” object of analysis, the demand has risen “for a flexible critical
        practice no longer governed by a single monolithic theoretical perspective”" (Cox & Froust 1)
        
        "SMR scholars have pushed the understanding of rhetoric and public discourse beyond its rational, propositional, and linguistic roots. Through their analyses, rhetoric and public discourse scholars have developed the vocabularies and critical methods offering students and other scholars a means to understand some of the relevant sources of social change" (Cox & Froust 18)
        
        "These approaches have shifted the critic’s focus from discrete social movement figures to discursive fields (see Wilson, 2005) and arenas (e.g., counterpublics), diverse channels of mediation (e.g., the body, visual images, and NCTs), and performances of democracy in and through which social change occurs. In the end, we believe, a robust theory of the efficacy or impact of rhetorical acts in oppositional struggles holds the greatest promise for continued development and contribution of SMR scholarship" (Cox & Froust 18)
        
        (#)StopAsianHate as Hashtag Activism
        
        The #StopAsianHate hashtag movement emerged as a challenge to the rising tide of racism in the United States during the coronavirus pandemic and contributed to the legislation of the Covid-19 Hate Crimes Act
        
        use of the hashtag as a discursive space for community building
        
        "our study, in contrast, shifts attention to the diverse and even conflicting claims and agendas competing for attention within the movement. Despite the hashtag emerging as a response to hate crimes driven by White Supremacism, the most prominent topic in our corpus was driven by a tweet about an Asian woman being assaulted by a Black “suspect."" (Shahin and Hou 12)
        
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        The Rhetoric of Place in Protest
        
        "Social movements often deploy place rhetorically in their protests. The rhetorical
        performance and (re)construction of places in protest can function in line with the goals
        of a social movement" (Endres & Senda-Cook 1)
        
        "the (re)construction of place
        may be considered a rhetorical tactic along with the tactics we traditionally associate
        with protest, such as speeches, marches, and signs" (Endres & Senda-Cook 1)
        
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        Searching for Black Girls
        
        "Because most of Google’s revenue is derived from advertising, it is important to consider advertising as a media practice with tremendous power in shaping culture and society. The transmission of 90 stereotypes about women in advertising creates a “limited ‘vocabulary of intention,’” encouraging people to think and speak of women primarily in terms of their relationship to men, family, or their sexuality. Research shows how stereotypical depictions of women and minorities in advertising 91 impact the behavior of those who consume it. Therefore, it is necessary to cast a deeper look into the 92 effects of the content and trace the kinds of hegemonic narratives that situate these results" (Noble 40)
        
        "Using a Black feminist lens in critical information studies entails contextualizing information as a form of representation, or cultural production, rather than as seemingly neutral and benign data that is thought of as a “website” or “URL” that surfaces to the top in a search. The language and terminologies used to describe results on the Internet in commercial search engines often obscure the fact that commodified forms of representation are being transacted on the web and that these commercial transactions are not random or without meaning as simply popular websites" (Noble 40)
        
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        women, and particularly Black women, are misrepresented on the
        Internet in search results and how this is tied to a longer legacy of White racial patriarchy.
        
        Agency as Perspectival: Vulnerable Undocumented Activism
        
        response to “intensification of immigration policing, surveillance, detention and removal
        . . . both altered the stakes involved in immigration struggles and generated
        a countervailing proliferation of activism and resistance by immigrants, their
        loved ones, and allies.” (Applegarth 9)
        
        "The vulnerability experienced by many im/migrants in the US, it must be recognized, is a cultivated policy, not an accidental byproduct of liminal circumstances. The punitive im/migration policy known as “attrition through enforcement” (ATE) seeks to increase im/migrant vulnerability, curtails collective support, and imperils im/migrants and their communities by design" (Applegarth 11).
        
        "The cruelties of attrition through enforcement and the daily realities of living in undocumented and mixed-status families accumulate, intensify, and
        ensnare more and more people in ever-broadening nets of consequence" (Applegarth 12)
        
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        Symbolic Action
        
        Symbolic action is expressive human action, the rhetorical mobilization of symbols to act in and affect the world. Symbolic actions include, but are not limited to, speeches, silent marches, movies, memes, documentaries, plays, blogs, newspaper articles, advertisements, photographs, sit-ins, personal testimonies, monuments (RCL 9).
        
        YouTube videos, tweets, Instagram posts, and street theatre
        
        Social Reality
        
        "Social reality is reality as understood through the symbols humans use to represent it. People create social reality as they name objects, actions, concepts, and each other. Although a material world exists from which human beings receive sensory data, they do not know how to interact with that world until symbolic action gives them that signal" (RCL 11)
        
        Civic Engagement
        
        Civic engagement identity is people's participation in individual or collective action and develop solutions to social, economic, and political challenges in their communities, states, nations, and world (RCL14).
        
        Rhetorician
        
        a person who studies rhetoric
        
        Argument
        
        a rhetorical form that provides data for a claim--also referred to as argumentation... the practice of justifying decisions under conditions of uncertainty (RCL 122)
        
        Aristotle's Enthymeme
        
        syllogism: a statement in which a conclusion is inferred from the truth of two premises (RCL 123)
        
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        Claim: the conclusion whose merits we are seeking to establish. These are often things like claims of definition, fact, value, or policy (RCL 125)
        
        Data: information on which the claim is based (RCL 125)
        
        Warrants
        
        Rebuttal
        
        Backing
        
        Human beings make sense of their interactions with the world and with each other through the symbols (words and images) they attach to their experiences. Words (language) and images (icons, pictures, photos, bodies, architectural structures) are not merely a means to transmit information; they are the grounds for the judgments people make about things, events, and other people. (RCL 6).
        
        What people communicate, and how they communicate it, has real effects on others and their perceptions. People cannot know what things or events mean until they have the symbols to attach meaning to them. (RCL 8)
        
        Visual Symbols
        
        symbols such as pictures, images, objects, artifacts, and embodied actions. Examples include photographs, religious icons, tattoos, statues, flags, bodies, movies, etc. (RCL 8).
    - - Identity
      - "there is no chance of keeping apart the meaning of persuasion, identification ('consubstantiality') and communication (the nature of rhetoric as 'addressed' [to other people]). If rhetoric is about addressing audiences, then the relationship of the audience to the rhetor must be considered; identification becomes a central rhetorical concept" (RCL 10).
      - "Identification can be created on the basis of demographic characteristics over which a a person has limited control (sex, ethnicity, racial category, class, sexual orientation)" (RCL 10).
    - - "the art of constituting character, community, and culture in language
  - - - Visual rhetoric can shape people's beliefs and attitudes in the same way that verbal rhetoric can (RCL CH4 82).
        
        "Visuals may create virtual experiences in a particularly intense way, by making audience members feel as though they were present to witness an event -- they offer a direct presentation instead of a discursive description" (RCL CH4 83).
        
        visual culture
        
        dominant, negotiated, and oppositional readings
    - - "lesbians utilize YouTube to make themselves into rhetorical citizens and how YouTubers use hypermediation and mediated authenticity to achieve an authentic sense of a virtual community among the lesbian minority group" (Ladegaard 1)
        
        "through the platform of YouTube, some lesbians have the opportunity to acquire rhetorical agency—and become rhetorical citizens through participation in democracy" (Ladegaard 4)
        
        Through the use of authenticity puzzles, the lesbian YouTubers manage to create a sense of community
        and encourage lesbian viewers to actively participate—and unite
        them in shared experiences they can relate to such as shared
        cultural code" (Ladegaard 5)
      - Rhetorical Citizenship: the competence to speak or write in a way that will be recognized or heeded by others in one’s community (Ladegaard 6)
  - - - Appealing to an audience
        
        identification: "the concept of identification plays a central role in describing the relationship between rhetoric and audiences; it is the process through which people are unified into a whole on the basis of common interests or characteristics" (RCL Audiences 223).
        
        Rhetorical agency: the capacity to act, that is, to have the competence to speak or write [or engage in any form of symbolic action] in a way that will be recognized or heeded by others in one's community (RCL Audiences 228).
  - - - "[Lee] suggest we
        critically revisit the existing perspectives of cultural labour in cultural policy discussion
        (unproductive, creative and precarious labour) to reflect on their limitations and
        implications for our understanding of AI’s challenges" (1)
        
        "the creative capacity of generative AI is likely to further diminish the role of human labour and accelerate its assimilation to capital. I argue that these phenomena amount to the emerging problem of creative precarity in cultural labour" (Lee 9)
      - "Because of generative AI, cultural labour can now become more productive (automated), but this comes with job losses, unequal distribution of productivity gains, reconfiguration of creative roles, the lack of control over copyrighted works, the separation of creative identity from cultural labour as well as the uncertainty over audience response" (Lee 9)
    - - "Storytelling is a human universal. The ubiquity of stories and the rapid development in Artificial Intelligence (AI) pose important questions: can AI like ChatGPT tell engaging and persuasive stories? If so, what makes a narrative engaging and persuasive?" (Chu & Liu 1)
        
        "while AI-generated narratives may
        not consistently match human-authored content in transportation and persuasive outcomes, readers tended to display similar levels of, if not lower, counterarguing toward them" (Chu & Liu 10)
        
        "Such findings point to the possible application of AI in 356 ChatGPT narrative
        persuasive campaigns, but it also warns us against the misuse
        of AI in generating and spreading misinformation. As language models continue to evolve, their ability to create compelling narratives will likely improve, further highlighting the
        importance of evaluating narrative quality as a performance
        metric for generative models." (Chu & Liu 11)