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social influence - Coggle Diagram

- - - - investigate how group pressure affects conformity
      - 123 male collage students 1 participant and 6-8 confederates confederates gave wrong answers on 12 to 18 trials
      - 32% conformed on critical trials 74% conformed at least once 26% never conformed
      - most complied due to NSI
      - evaluation
        
        lacks population validity
        
        the sample cant be generalised to women or other cultures
        
        low ecological validity
        
        artificial and doesn't reflect real life
        
        bias
        
        the culture it was done in was conformist
        
        ethical issues
        
        deception caused stress because of disagreements with the group
        
        controlled setting
        
        more reliable due to the lab setting
      - variations
        
        group size
        
        varied number of confederates
        
        conformaty rose with group size but peaked at 3 32%
        
        task difficulty
        
        similar lines
        
        conformity rose
        
        unanimity
        
        a confederate gives the correct answer or a diffrent wrong answer
        
        conformity dropped to 5% with support and 9% for the opposing wrong answer
    - - to investigate if people conform to social roles and see if prison behaviour is caused be internal or external factord
      - 21 male uni students
      - random assigning of prisoner or guard
      - prisoners were arrested by real police stripped, given uniforms and numbers
      - guards wore uniforms dark sunglasses handcuffs truncheons and told to manages the place with no violence
      - results
        
        prisoners started with rebellions but eventually became submissive
        
        prison guards became violent and dehumanised prisoners
        
        5 prisoners were released early
        
        experiment ended early due to ethical concerns
      - evaluation
        
        individual differances
        
        not all guards acted the same some were sadistic
        
        ethical issues
        
        serious stress was cuased to the point some prisoners had to leave early and the guards left with extreme guilt
        
        replication by reicher
        
        guards did not automatically conform or become abusive prisoners united and challenged authority leading to a power shift contradicting Zimbardo's findings
        
        real world application
        
        aimed to improve prison this was followed by some reforms especially fo juvinals but overall prison condions have still worsened
- - - - research support for conformity
        
        asch
      - research support for obediance
        
        millgirm
  - - - Spector used rotters scale and found internals were only likely to conform to NSI
      - oliner and oliner interveiwed ww2 non-jewish rescuers and followers
        
        rescuers had high internals and resisted obediance more
      - twenage - meta analysis found people have become more external but also became more resistant
- - - - sometimes minority's engage in risky or extreme behaviours to show their commitment
        
        augmentation principle: people pay more attention due to personal risk which increase influence
    - - if you keep your argument too consistent you may be seen as dogmatic
        
        so participants of minority's must be able to change their argument based on reasonable counter arguments while keeping their key principles the same
    - - minority members must share the same belief and maintain it over time this consistancy daws the majoritys attention
        
        maviscovici
- - - - milgrim
        
        investigate if people will obey orders from an imaginary authority figure
        
        40 american males at the uni of yale
        
        participants were called teachers and confederates were called learners.
        
        the teacher gave the learner shocks for wrong answers between 15 to 450 volts the learner showed pain responses and then scilence after 315
        
        if the teacher hesitated theexperimenter used verbal prods
        
        results
        
        all participants went up to 300 volts at least
        
        65% gave the maximum of 450 volts
        
        participants shower distress sweating trembiling sttutering
        
        evaluation
        
        ecological valididty
        
        lab setting differance from real life, electric shocks are not typical orders
        
        population validity
        
        only male americans dosent generalise to all people
        
        ethics
        
        decieved participants about the studys purpose
        
        internal validity
        
        some participants may have doubted the shocks reality
      - adorno
        
        explore unconcious attitudes to racial groups
        
        developed the fascism scale to measure fascist and authoritarian personalities
        
        questions on the f scale include: obediance and respect for authority are the most important values children should learn
        
        found that high f scale scorers identified with strong people disrespected weak people were status conscious
        
        people with an authoritarian personality tend to be more obedient show extreme submissiveness to authority and have black and white thinking.
        
        evaluation
        
        support
        
        milgrims participants found obediant participants scored higher on the f scale obediant participants had poorer childhood relationships with their fathers and admired authority more
        
        differances
        
        middendorp - less educated people show more suthoritarian traits suggesting education level also effects obediance
    - - people are sociliased to obey rules by giving up a little free will
      - acting as an agent for authority to reduce personal responsability
      - evaluation
        
        blass and schmitt showed the blame fell to the experimenter
    - - people obey those percieved as legitimate authority figures
      - prestige and trust influence obediance
      - evaluattion
        
        cultural differances in obediance around the world
    - - proximity : closeness of learner and authority figure if the teacher and learner are in the same room oberdiance drops and obediance drops if instructions are given over a phone aswelll
      - location : rundown vs presiege
      - uniform : white lab coats vs casual dress
      - evaluation
        
        bickman: the difference between a security guard, a milk amn and a man in casual clothes
    - - proposed by rotter
        
        internal - if something happens its because of your actions you are in control of your life so if you fail an exam its not because it was hard its because you didn't revise enough.
        
        external - if something happens its not your control so if you fail an exam it wasn't because you didn't study its because the exam was hard