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Integumentary system Nanami Terrell Period 3 - Coggle Diagram
Integumentary system Nanami Terrell Period 3
Major functions of the skin
cutaneous sensations
Sensory receptors;
exteroreceptors respond to stimili out of body such as temperature and touch.
metabolic functions
skin can synthesis vitamin D for calcium absorption
chemicals from keratincytes disarm some carcinogens (substance agents or organisms that can cause cancer.
body temp regulation
r
esting temperature
; sweat glands produce 500ml/day of unnoticeable sweat.
rised body temperature
; increased activity leads to 12L of noticeable sweat
cold enviornment
; dermal blood vessels constrict and skin temperature drops.
blood reservoir
skin can hold 5% of body's volume, skin vessels can be contstricted to shunt blood to other organs
protection; 3 layers
Chemical
; secretes sweat that contains protein, and sebum that kills bacteria.
Physical barrier
; flat, dead, keratinized cells of the stratum corneum,, and block most water
Biological barriers
; the epidermis contains phagocytic cells, dermis contains macrophages, and the DNA can absorb UV radiation
excretion of waste
skin can secrete limited amounts of nitrogenous water; ammonia, urea and uric acid
sweating resulting to salt and water loss
layers of the skin
dermis
papillary layer
dermai papillae is the superficial region of the dermis, it's in thick skin knows as ridges for grip.
reticular
layer
80% of dermal thickness, it's fibrous and has a stretch recoil
epidermis
stratum basale (basale layer)
; deepest layer, firmly attached to dermis, single row of cells
stratum spinosum (prickly layer)
; several layers thick, keratinocytes appear spikey.
stratum granulosum;
four/six cells thick, cells are flattened, thin and appearance changes.
stratum lucidum
; translucent, only in the thicker skin such as hands, feet, lies superficia; to stratum granulosum (horny layers)
skin cancer
melanoma
most dangers, highly metastatic and resists chemotherapy, key to survival is the ABCD rule
ABCD rule: Asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diamater.
squamous cell carcinoma
second most common, can metastasize, involves keratinocytes. appearance is scally reddened papule on scalp, ears, lower lip and hands
basal cell carcinoma
cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases, least maligant and most common
degrees of burns/rule of nines (to evelate sevarity of burns, rule of nines is used where the body is broken into sections and each is 9% of the body surface)
second degree
epidermal and upper dermal damage (blisters)
third degree
entire thickness of skin is involves, critical;25% of the bodies surface is burned, 10% had third degree
first degree
epidermal change only,; redness, swelling, pain
disorders associated with the integumentary system
Necklace bruise
brown/black color meaning hyperpigmentation or insulin resistence
hair thinning and baldness
alopecia
: hair thinning after 40
true (frank) baldness
: male pattern baldness
Bruises
meaning clotted blood
Tumors in ovaries can cause large amounts of androgens leading to
hirutism
(excessive hair)
Jaundice
yellow cast meaning liver disorder
Erythema
red skin meaning dever, hypertension, inflamation
Pallor
white/pale skin meaning anemia, low blood, fear, anger, pressure
cyanosis
(blue skin meaning low oxygen)
Acne
: Inflammation of sebaceous glands - pimples
White heads are blocked sebaceous glands, blackheads are oxidized
accessory organs
glands (all surfaces other than nipples/genitalia)
Apocrine sweat glands
confined to axillary and anogenital areas, secrete vicous/Milky, or yelllowish sweat that contains protein.
Sebaceous (oil) Glands
Ditributed, not in the thick skin of palms and soles, develope from hair folicles, secrete sebum
Eccrine (Merocrine) Sweat Glands
Most numerous, abundant on palms, soles, forehead, ducts connect to pores, function in thermoregulation and secretion is sweat
nails
nail matrix: thickened thickened portion of bed -> nail growth
Nail folds: skin folds/overlap border of the nail
nail bed: epidermis, underneath keratinized nail plate
Eponychlum (cuticle): nail fold that projects onto the surface of the nail
lunule (lunula) thickened nail matrix
consists of free edge, nail plate, and root
hair
structure of a hair
Produced by hair follicles, contains hard keratin that doesn't flake off.
regions
shaft
medulla: central care of large cells and air spaces
cortex: several layers of flattened cells surrounding medulla
cuticle: outer layer consisting of overlapping layers of single cells
root
structure of a hair follicle
hair bulb: expanded area at deep end of the follicle
hair follicle receptors; sensory nerve endings
hair matrix: actively diving area of bulb that produces
arrector pili: small band of smooth muscle attached to follicle
dermal tissue contains a knot of capillaries that supply nutrients for hair growth
functions
warn of insects on skin, guards from physical truama and or heat loss