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Chap 3 How BRITISH RULE affect Singapore's Growth as a Port City…
Chap 3
How BRITISH RULE
affect Singapore's Growth as a Port City from 1819 to 1942
FREE PORT STATUS
TRANSHIPMENT
refers to the
transfer
of goods from 1 trading ship to another while
in transit
at the port
WHY?
SG is
(1)
easily accessible
(2)
tax-free
(3)
centrally located
for both Western & Asian goods
so can collect & exchange here
ENTREPOT TRADE
Imported
manufactured goods & regional produce
went thru
repackaging & redistribution
& then
exported
FLOURISHED
b/n 1830 to 1867
Trade almost
tripled
ADMINSITRATIVE CHANGES
1819 to 1823
STAMFORD RAFFLES
Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen
all decisions regarding SG must be approved by him
JUNE 1823
Raffles ruturn to England for good
SG placed under the control of INDIA
AUG 1824
SG formally transferred to the
East India Company
(EIC)
1824 - 1858
EIC
controlled SG
1826
SG become part of the
STRAITS SETTLEMENT
with Penang & Melaka
William Butterworth
Governor of Straits Settlement
1843 - 1855
Government in British India
British govt's
Board of Control
+
EIC Directors
in London
1858 - 1867
SG came under control of
India Office in London
EIC dissolved in 1858
Sir William Cavenagh
Governor of Straits Settlement
1859 - 1867
Government in British India
British govt's
INDIA Office
in London
1867 - 1942
SG became a
CROWN Colony
transferred to Colonial Office in London
in 1867
Sir Harry Ord
Governor of Straits Settlement
1867 - 1873
Represent the Queen of Britain
had VETO power to reject laws passed by the Legislative Council
British govt's
Colonial Office
in London
1867 VIP
SG became Crown Colony
75 years of peaceful administration
SUPPORTED by
Executive Council
Advised Governor &
Help him carry out laws
consist of high-ranking British officials
Legislative Council
Help Governor make laws
consist of Executive Council officials
+non-official members
Asian & European traders
1819 - 1867
SG govt has trouble raising $$$
to manage the needs of expanding population & increasing trade
SG govt wanna collect taxes
Traders protested as it'll affect free port status
govt allow gambling, opium & liquor
so they can tax these businesses
1829
Gambling banned
greatly reduced govt income
not enuf $$$ to improve conditions in SG
& provide welfare services
1 more item...
LAW & ORDER
POLICE FORCE
Small & Part-time
1820
William Farquhar
(Resident of SG)
Francis James Bernard
(son-in-law)
He had other duties too
CHIEF of Police
1 writer
1 jailor
1 sergeant (Euro)
8 Asian policemen
1843, Euro & Asian traders complain, appeal for a stronger police force
1843
Thomas Dunman
appointed as
Deputy Magistrate
&
Deputy Superintendent of Police
1857
became SG's 1st
full-time
Commissioner of Police
EFFORTS &
ACHIEVEMENTS
ENLARGE
Police Force
by fighting for better work conditions
+
better pay
attract more men of good character
PUT DOWN
Hokkien-Teochew Riots
1854
despite his best efforts, rioters often outnumber police
govt had to send soldiers to help police
reduced gang robberies
improve QUALITY & MORALE
of police officers
CHARACTER
Respected
by Euro traders & officials
contacts with Chinese community
Hardworking
hands-on
Took good care of his men
night classes to teach his men read and write
1881
Police Training School
1884
separate
Detective force estb
1930s
use telephones, cars & radio
professionally trained police
2000 strong police force
SOCIAL ILLS
EXPLOITATION of Coolies
Pg 96, Fig 3.7
why some need coolie-agents
Employer pay
Coolie-agent fees
+
Passage money
to coolie-agents
Coolies is the one who owe the employers
Work for more than a year to pay off debts
Only receive
3 more items...
SG become major centre for coolie trades
regional demand
Aust, Malaya, Java, Sumatra, even USA
Huge profit for coolie-agents
Voyage to SG
OVERCROWDING
crammed MANY in coolie ships
1 more item...
Conditions in SG
prevent ESCAPE
1 more item...
FALSE Promises
under-report how long it takes to repay the debt
1 more item...
SECRET SOCIETIES
form of mutual aid for migrants that came from diff parts of China
HELP EACH OTHER
SICK --> care
DIED --> proper burial
Protection & sense of belonging
PROBLEMS
Gang ROBBERIES
Gang FIGHTS
for CONTROL of
territory
illegal vice trades
prostitution
gambling
BRITISH officials
very few dealings with Chinese in SG
until 1870s
NO Brit officials understand any Chinese dialects
POLICE
Officers are Euro
didn't understand Secret Societies & their activities
Policemen all Indians or Malays
Prostitution
majority male migrants
"escape" life hardships by turning to VICE
opium, drinking, gambling, prostitutes
HIGH DEMAND for prostitutes
TRAFFICKERS
+
Brothel Owners
can earn lots
TRICK young female migrants from China
Promise well-paid jobs
1 more item...
CHINESE PROTECTORATE
set up in
May 1877
OBJECTIVE
tackle problems
secret societies
coolie abuses
poverty
prostitution
William Pickering
Head of this department
first Protector of the Chinese
FLUENT
in several Chinese dialects
helped him gain the trust of the Chinese
develop good understanding of
complicated operations of
secret societies
His
TACT
&
personality
EFFORTS & POLICIES
ALL Chinese societies must
REGISTER
with the Chi Protectorate
CONTROL coolie trade
REGISTER
coolie-agents and lodging houses
VISIT
arriving coolie ships
INSPECT
coolie houses
Encourage Chinese to
SETTLE ARGUMENTS
at Chi Protectorate instead of going to secret societies
Work with leaders of secret societies to
BUILD TRUST
b/n Brit & the community
Set up
Po Leung Kuk
RESCUE
young girls from being sold to brothels
Provide
SHELTER
for ill-treated servants
1890 Dangerous Societies Ordinance
OBJECTIVE
Suppress
dangerous societies & make them
automatically
unlawful
POWER
given to Governor
to
BANISH
migrants
very
EFFECTIVE
Qing govt often
EXECUTE
such banished individuals
LARGE SCALE
secret society fights are over
to
ABOLISH
any society deemed too dangerous
PIRACY
in
STRAITS of MELAKA
Pirate Wind
b/n Aug & Oct
Pirates from N.Borneo, coasts of Java, Sumatra & Malaya
repeated request to govt
to act agst piracy
lack laws to punish pirates
Straits govt only had
THREE gunboats
Need
PERM NAVAL FORCE
to stamp out piracy
EIC can't afford
early 1870s
Brit & other Euro powers increased patrolling
Piracy less of a problem
EDUCATION
1819 - 1867
Brit
didn't control
Eng or native language education
Subsidized
a few schools
provided
FREE
primary schooling in Malay
very FEW
Tamil
schools estb by govt
NONE
catered for Chinese
LEFT
edu to those
who cared
abt it
Schools can run it however they want
PARENTS
migrants wanna
make more $$ & return home
don't value
in English-language education
CHINESE
education non-existent
only one option
Study Chinese at
SINGAPORE INSTITUTION
(Raffles Institution)
1867 - 1942
INCREASED
Edu activities
OBJECTIVE
MEET the NEEDS
Brit Colonial govt
Need Eng-speaking
workers in govt & companies
PROMOTE
Eng as medium of instruction
Give govt
GRANTS
to schools who teach Eng to non-Euro
Education that
DOES NOT
directly support
TRADE & GOVT admin
Brit left it to
NON-GOVT
agencies
Growth of MANY
Chinese
schools run by Chi families
from 1911 onwards
Schools estb by
Christian missionaries
also given free rein
CONCLUSION
1) there were improvements after 1867
2) BUT lack quality edu
that cater to local people's needs
3) edu opportunities mainly provided to meet need of colonial admin
HEALTHCARE
b4 1860s
NO HEALTHCARE
1 or 2 govt doc in military hospital
few Euro doc, served Euro & rich Asians
poor Asians
... malnutrition, overcrowding & poor sanitation
HIGH DEATH RATE
after 1867
tried to improve public health
1887
Public Health Dept
Malaria Committee
draining of swamps
stop BUCKET system
use MODERN water-carriage sewerage system
clean up dirty streets & drains
reduce overcrowding in living quarters in Chinatown
1882
new General Hospital
started as a SHED
near Bras Basah Road
1821
replaced with proper buildings
1882
moved to Outram Road
after many site changes
1886
Quarantine Law
Passengers arriving by sea
checked by doctor
if suffering from infectious disease???
ISOLATED
prevent diseases from spreading toother inside SG
RESULTS???
DEATH Rate still higher than BIRTH rate
example
1896 - 1900
WHY
Overcrowding
Unhygenic living conditions
Jobs in town area
Everyone stay shophouses in town area
overcrowding
Contagious diseases spread easily
1 more item...
unsanitary
poorly ventilated
Poor understanding of diseases in 19th century
thot Malaria was caused by poisonous air
coming from rotting plants
in swampy areas
it is actually caused by
MOSQUITOES
ASIANS didn't seek treatment
no $$$
didn't trust Western medicine
beginning 1940s
Economic growth
greater govt spending on h/care
Increased AWARENESS
by the people
need to improve h/care
FACILITIES
1850s
started to improve
SG's port facilities
WHY??
becoz Old Harbour at SG River increasingly overcrowded
NO SPACE
to build more
Docks
Warehouses
1852
NEW HARBOUR
WHERE
in the strait
between
southern coast of SG
AND
2 islands
Pulau Brani
Pulau Blakang Mati
present day
SENTOSA
1900
renamed
Keppel Harbour
WHY Suitable
harbour has
deep waters
steamships & sailing ships can sail right up to it
sheltered
from
strong winds & big waves
by the TWO islands
1913
SG Harbour Board
present day
Maritime & Port Authority of Singapore
(MPA)
modernisation of port
modern machinery used
main objective
make further
improvements
to the port
1924
CAUSEWAY
link SG & Malaya by land
railway system set up to link
SG port to parts of Malaya
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