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BIOLOGY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common
        monosaccharide
      - A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration
        reaction joins two monosaccharides
        
        This covalent bond between two monosaccharides
        is called a glycosidic linkage
- - - - A polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids
  - - - The primary structure of a protein is its sequence
        of amino acids
        
        Sickle-cell disease, an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin
    - - The coils and folds of secondary structure result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
        
        Typical secondary structures are a coil called an α helix and a folded structure called a β pleated sheet
    - - The overall shape of a polypeptide, results from interactions between R groups, rather than interactions between backbone constituents
        
        Strong covalent bonds called disulfide bridges
        may reinforce the protein’s structure
        
        These interactions include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals interactions
    - - when two or more
        polypeptide chains form one macromolecule
- - - - the sugar is deoxyribose
      - DNA molecules have two polynucleotides spiraling
        around an imaginary axis, forming a double helix
    - - the sugar is ribose
      - single-stranded
    - - Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)
        have a single six-membered ring
      - Purines (adenine and guanine) have a six-
        membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
- - - - A fatty acid consists of a carboxyl group attached
        to a long carbon skeleton
        
        Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number
        of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
        
        Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double
        bonds
    - - Cholesterol, a type of steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized