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“Macromolecules of Life” 🍞🥩🧬 - Coggle Diagram
“Macromolecules of Life” 🍞🥩🧬
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🔗 Polymers & Monomers / Reactions
• Monomers 🧩 → small building blocks
• Polymers 🏗️ → chain of monomers linked together
• Dehydration reaction 💧➖ → removes water to bond monomers → synthesis, endergonic (energy in)
• Hydrolysis reaction 💧➕ → adds water to break bonds → decomposition, exergonic (energy out)
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🍞 Carbohydrates
• Elements ⚛️ → C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
• Monosaccharides 🍬 → single sugars (ex: glucose)
• Disaccharides 🍭 → two sugars (ex: sucrose)
• Polysaccharides 🍚 → long chains (ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose)
• Main role 🔋 → quick energy + storage
• Candy vs Potato 🍫🥔 → candy = fast spike, potato = slower, steady energy (healthier)
• Athletes 🏃♂️ → sugary foods during events = instant fuel, pasta/potatoes night before = energy reserves (carb loading)
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🥓 Lipids
• Elements ⚛️ → mostly C + H, fewer O than carbs
• Hydrophobic 🌊❌ → don’t mix with water
• Main functions 🛡️ → energy storage, insulation, cell membranes, hormones
• Types
• Triglycerides 🍔 → fats/oils, long-term energy
• Phospholipids 🧱 → form cell membranes, amphipathic (hydrophilic head + hydrophobic tails)
• Steroids 💊 → ring structures, include hormones like testosterone/estrogen
• Saturated vs Unsaturated 🧈🥑 → saturated = straight chains (solid fats), unsaturated = double bonds (liquid oils)
• Hydrogenated oils / Trans fats 🚫 → processed fats, worse than natural saturated fats
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🍗 Proteins
• Elements ⚛️ → C, H, O, N (sometimes S)
• Monomers 🧩 → amino acids (20 types)
• Amino acids 🧬 → same core structure, differ by “R group” → can be polar, nonpolar, or charged
• Peptide bond 🔗 → covalent bond linking amino acids → forms polypeptides
• Protein vs Polypeptide 🍖 → polypeptide = chain, protein = folded functional form
• Functions 💪 → structural support, enzymes, transport, hormones, defense, storage, movement, receptors (8+ roles total)
• Protein structure 🏗️
• Primary → amino acid sequence (letters in a word)
• Secondary → alpha helices & beta sheets (local folding)
• Tertiary → full 3D shape
• Quaternary → multiple chains together (ex: hemoglobin)
• Denaturation 🔥 → protein loses shape → caused by heat, pH, chemicals
🧬 Nucleic Acids.
• Elements ⚛️ → C, H, O, N, P
• Monomers 🧩 → nucleotides
• Nucleotide parts 3️⃣ → sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
• Types 📖 → DNA & RNA
• Nitrogen bases
• DNA: A, T, C, G
• RNA: A, U, C, G
• Backbone 🪢 → sugar + phosphate chain
• Base pairing 🤝 → strands held by hydrogen bonds (A–T, C–G in DNA)