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The structure and Function of large biological molecules - Coggle Diagram
The structure and Function of large biological molecules
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Composed of monosaccharides (simple sugars: glucose, fructose)
Linked by glycosidic linkages
Form disaccharides (sucrose, lactose) and polysaccharides
Storage: starch (plants), glycogen (animals)
Structural: cellulose (plant cell walls), chitin (arthropod exoskeleton
Lipids
Hydrophobic molecules
Fats (triacylglycerols): glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Saturated vs. Unsaturated fats
Phospholipids: glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate = bilayers
Steroids: 4 fused rigs and cholesterol hormones
Proteins
Polymers of amino acids (20 types)
Linked by peptide bonds
Structure
primary (amino acid sequence)
secondary (a-helix, B-pleated sheet)
Tertiary (3D folding due to R-group interactions)
Quarternary (2+ polypeptides)
Functions: enzymes, defense (antibodies), storage, transport (hemoglobin), communication (hormones), structural (collagen)
Nucleic Acids
DNA & RNA: store and transmit genetic informattion
Composed of nucleotides: sugar + phosphate+ nitrogenous base
Bases: A, T, C, G (DNA); A, U, C, G (RNA)
Phosphodiester bonds link nucleotides
DNA: double helix, complementary base pairing
RNA: single- stranded, various roles in protein synthesis