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The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules - Coggle Diagram
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Macromolecules
they are large polymers for their huge size. A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks. Examples of polymers are carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins
Diversity of Polymers
Cells has thousands of different macromolecules. They vary amoung cells of organism, and even more within species and between species
Monomers repeat units that serve as building blocks
Enzymes are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reaction.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate includes sugars and polymers of sugars. The simple carbohydrates are monosaccharides, or simple sugars. They are polysaccharides, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks
Sugars
Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O
Glucose is the most common monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are classified by the location of the carbonyl group OR the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
Disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides. Glycosidic linkage is the covalent bond between two momosaccharides.
Polysaccharides
Polymers of sugars have storage and structural roles. The architecture and function of polysaccharides are determined by its sugar monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkages
Starch: is a storage polysaccharide of plants consists of glucose monomers. The simplest form of starch is amylose. Plants store surplus starch as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids
Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals. It also stores mainly in the liver and muscle cells. The hydrolysis of glycogen in these cells releases glucose when the demand for sugar increases
Structural Polysaccharides
The polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells. Like starch cellulose is a polymer and glucose, but the glycosidic linkage differ
Lipids
they are the one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers. Lipids mix poorly with water. They consist mostly of hydrocarbon regions. The most important lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroids
Fats
they are constructed from two types of smaller molecules, glycerol and fatty acids, Glycerol is a three-carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to each carbon. Fatty acids consist of carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
Fats separate from water because water molecules hydrogen0bond to each other and exclude the fats. Fatty acids in a fat can be all the same or two or three different kinds.
Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds.
Unsaturated fats acids have one or more double bonds
Phospholipids
Two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol. The fatty acids tails ate hydrophobic, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head
When they are added to water they self-assemble into double layered sheets called : bilayers
Steroids
they are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
Cholesterol is a component in animal cells membranes and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized
Proteins
they account for more than 50% of the dry most of most cells. Some proteins speed up chemical reactions. Other functions includes defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, structural support, and cellular communication
enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions. They can also perform their function repeatedly, functioning as workhorse that carry out the processes of life
Polypeptides re unbranched polymers built from these amino acids. Protein is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides
Animo Acids are organic molecules with amino and carboxyl group. they also differ in their properties due to differing side chains called R groups