Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules -…
Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
5.1: Macromolecules Are Polymers Built from Monomers
Macromolecules
four major biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
Macromolecules - really long molecules
Most are polymers → long repeating chains
Monomers - small and repeating building blocks
Polymers
Enzymes - proteins that create enrgy
dehydration
Joins 2 monomers
Removes a water molecule
Builds polymers
Hydrolysis
Breaks down polymers
Adds a water molecule
5.2: Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
sugars
Monosaccharides - simple sugars
Contains CO and –OH
triose 3, pentose 5, hexose 6
In water usually stable
Energy for amino and fatty acids
Disaccharides - two sugars
2 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic linkage (from dehydration).
Polysaccharides - many sugars
Polymers of monosaccharides
serve as storage (Storage Polysaccharides)
Glycogen (animals): glucose polymer
Starch (plants): glucose polymer
quick energy
Structural Polysaccharides
Cellulose (plants): Polymer of glucose
Chitin (fungi)
5.3: Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
Fats (Triglycerides)
Fatty acids: long hydrocarbon chains
Hydrophobic because tails are nonpolar
Saturated and Unsaturated fats
Solid at room temp
No double bonds, packed tightly
Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
One or more cis double bonds, causes it to coil up
Liquid at room temp
Hydrogenated fats - unsaturated fats converted to saturated makes trans fats which causes heart disease.
Phospholipids
made up of Glycerol, fatty acids, and a phosphate group.
important for cell membranes
5.4: Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
Proteins - most important, makes enzymes
Amino Acids
grops
Nonpolar (hydrophobic).
Polar (hydrophilic).
Acidic (negatively charged).
Basic (positively charged).
polypeptides
amino acids are linked by peptide bonds
4 Levels of protein structure
Primary – unique amino acid sequence.
Secondary – coils/folds stabilized by H-bonds:
Tertiary – overall 3D shape, interactions between R-groups:
Quaternary – 2 or more polypeptides together.
protein folds
5.5: Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
Nucleic acids = polymers of nucleotides.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) → stores genes
mitosis
rna
Carries instructions from DNA - protein synthesis though ribosomes
DNA into RNA - protein and gene expression
mRNA = messenger; tRNA, rRNA
Proteins - genetic code
single stranded
double helix
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
nitrogen base (A, T, C, G, U).
contains pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA) and a pjosphate group
5.6: Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications
Genomics - study of whole sets of genes (genomes).
Proteomics = study of whole sets of proteins
Proteins are studied either by direct sequencing or translating DNA