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Chapter 5-Introduction – The Structure and Function of Large Biological…
Chapter 5-Introduction – The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
macromolecules-
Large molecules essential for living organisms.
Polymer-
molecular structures composed of monomers, linked together forming a chain-like structure. EX- The polymer for proteins are polypeptides.
Monomer
- Small, repetitive molecules. EX-monosaccharide
Enzymes- Protein catalyst speed up chemical reactions. EX- Amylase.
Denature- Th changing of the shape of enzymes by temp or Ph.
Dehydration reactions
: 2 molecules covalently bonded together by the removal of a water molecule.
Hydrolysis:
using H2O to break bonds apart.
Glycosidic Linkage:
covalent bond between 2 monosaccharides
Carbohydrates:
Immediate energy Ex: Glucose
Monomers:
Monosaccharide and Disaccharide
-2 Disaccharides are connected by glycosidic linkage
Polymer:
polysaccharide
Polysaccharides for plants cells are
Cellulose
- is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells and for animals
glycogen
: major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells
Chitin
: carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeleton.
Lipids:
Long term energy; insulation, are hydrophobic
Monomer:
Glycerol and fatty acids
Polymer:
Triglyceride
Ex:
oils, waxes, and
phospholipids
-has only two fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than three
Fats
: Consists of glycerol molecules joined to three-fatty acids.
Saturated fats:
Contain max amount of atoms possible and no double bonds. EX: butter
Unsaturated Fats:
Have one or more double bonds. EX: Liquid at room temp.
Trans Fats:
Contribute more then saturated fats to cardiovascular disease.
Steroids:
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.
Cholesterol
: type of steroid forms an essential component of an animal cell.
Hydrogation:
converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen .
Proteins
: Builds structures Ex: enzymes and meats
Monomer:
Amino acids- organic molecule with an amino group and carboxyl group.
Polymer
:
Polypeptides
- polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
Peptide bond:
A covalent bond formed from dehydration reaction.
Proteomics
: analyzing large sets of proteins.
Nucleic Acids:
consisting of many nucleotide monomers.
Polymers:
DNA/RNA;
Polynucleotides
-polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain
enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next
Gene Expression
: DNA-> RNA-> Protein synthesis
Genomics
- Analyzing large sets of genes.
Pyrimidine:
polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain( cytosine, thymine, and uracil)
Purines:
are larger, with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring (adenine and guanine)
Monomers
: Nucleotides- building block of a nucleic acid
Sugar for DNA is deoxyribose and RNA sugars are Ribose :