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Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules - Coggle Diagram
Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Dehydration & Hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis
Removes H+OH
forms H₂O
Creates a covalent bond between monomers
Builds:
Polysaccharides
Definition: Large carbohydrates made of many sugar units linked together
Polypeptides
Chains of amino acids linked together
Nucleic Acids
Definition:Molecules that store and transmit genetic information, like DNA and RNA, is made of chains of nucleotides
Definition: Join two monomers and remove H₂O to build polymers
Hydrolysis
Uses water to break a covalent bond
Frees monomers
Examples:
Monosaccharides
Definition: Simple sugars, the smallest units of carbohydrates
Amino Acids
Definition: The building blocks of proteins, each having an amino group, carboxyl group, and a R-group
Nucleotides
Definition: The building blocks of DNA and RNA, is made of sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
Is catalyzed by hydrolase enzymes
Definition: Breaking a big molecule into smaller ones by adding water.
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
General Formula: (CH₂O)n
Examples:
Glucose
Definition: A 6 carbon aldose sugar, C₆H₁₂O₆
RIbose
Definition: A 5 carbon aldose sugar, C₅H₁₀O₅
Aldose vs ketose isomers
Linear<-> Ring Forms
Monosaccharides do not stay in one shape
Monosaccharides switch back and forth between a straight chain form and a ring form.
Linear Form
Contains an open chain with a carbonyl exposed(C=O)
Ring Form
Carbon 1 bonds with a hydroxyl group on another carbon
Creating a cyclic hemiaceta(aldoses) or hemiketal(ketoses)
Aldose vs Ketose Isomers
Location of the carbonyl group (C=O) in a monosaccharide
Aldose
Carbonyl group is on carbon 1(at the end of the chain)
To form an aldehyde sugar
Examples both of which are C₆H₁₂O₆:
Glucose
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Galactose
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Formula structure:H-C=O at one end
Definition: A sugar that has an aldehyde group in its structure
Ketose
Carbonyl group is on carbon 2
Forms a ketone sugar
Example: Fructose(C₆H₁₂O₆)
Formula structure: C=O along the middle
Definition: A sugar with a ketone group in its structure
Definition: Simple sugars, monomers of carbohydrates
Disaccharides
Glycosidic Linkage
Definition: Covalent bond from dehydration
Example:
Maltose
Definition: Disaccharide of glucose and glucose
Sucrose
Definition: Disaccharide made of glucose and fructose
Lactose
Definition: Disaccharide of glucose and galactose
Polysaccharides(Polymers)
Storage
Starch(plants)
Amylose(unbranched)
Amylopectin(branched)
Definition: Plant storage of polysaccharide of alpha glucose
Glycogen(Animals)
Highly branched
Located in liver/muscle
Definition: Highly branched polymer of alpha glucose
Structural
Cellulose
Beta glucose chains
plant cell walls
insoluble fiber
Definition: Linear polymer of beta glucose
Chitin
Modified glucose
In cell walls of fungi
In exoskeletons of Arthropods
Definition: Polymer of a modified glucose
Definition: Biological molecules made of C,H,O, used for energy and structure
Lipids
Steroids
Contains 4 fused carbon rings
Cholesterol
Membrane components
Regulates fluidity
Phospholipids
Glycerol+2 Fatty acids+ Phosphate+head group
Amphipathic nature
Forms a bilayer
Hydrophilic heads outside
Hydrophobic tails inside
Fats
Glycerol+3 Fatty acids
Joined by ester linkages
Saturated fatty acids
No double bonds
Straight tails
Solid at room temperature
Unsaturated Fatty acids
Has double bonds
Kinked tail
Liquid at room temperature
Functions
Energy Storage
Membrane Structure
Hormones/ Signaling molecules
Proteins
Amino Acids(Monomers)
General structure:
Amino Group
Carboxyl Group
COOH
R-Group
Nonpolar
Polar
Acidic
Base
Peptide Bonds/Polypeptides
Dehydration forms peptide bonds
Containing two ends
N-terminus
free amino group end, start of a protein of polypeptide chain
C-Terminus
Free carboxyl group end, the end of a protein or polypeptide chain, has a free carboxyl group
Levels of protein structure
Primary
Linear AA sequence
Secondary
alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, contains hydrogen bonding
Tertiary
3D folding
R-Group interaction
Hydrophobic
H-bonds
Ionic
Disulfide
Definition:Strong covalent bond between sulfur atoms and two cysteine amino acids; helps stabilize a protein's structure
Quaternary
Multiple polypeptides
Hemoglobin
Definition: A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues
Collagen
A structural protein found in skin, bones, and connective tissue, providing strength and support
Folding & Denaturation
Heal, pH, salt can disrupt a structure
Any change in structure also results in change in function
Disease Example: Sickle Cell
Single AA substitution
hemoglobin polymerization
sickling
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides(Monomers)
Contains a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
Polymers(Nucleic Acids
DNA, RNA linked to by phosphodiester bonds
DNA vs RNA
DNA
Double Helix
Is the genetic storage
RNA
Single stranded
3 Types
mRNA
Messenger RNA
Definition: A type of RNA that carries genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis
tRNA
Transfer RNA
A type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA
A type of RNA that makes up the ribosome and helps assemble proteins
Which are used in protein synthesis