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chapter 5 the structure and function over large biological molecules -…
chapter 5 the structure and function over large biological molecules
Biomolecules
Macromolecules
Polymers
organic molecules
Monomers
Carbohydrates
polysaccharide
Monosaccharide
function
immediate energy
Example
pasta, potatoes, bread
Lipids
triglyceride
1 Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Function
Long term energy, protection & insulation
Example
oils, butter, wax, steroid
Proteins
polypeptide
amino acid
Function
Build structures
Example
Meats, Nut products,
Enzymes
nucleic acids
DNA/RNA
Nucleotide
Function
genetic info
Example
DNA/RNA/ATP
Dehydration synthesis
Making polymers by removing H2O
Synthesis and Break down of polymers
Enzymes are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions such as those that break down polymers
enzymes are proteins that act as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions that take too long to occur
Catalyst
end in lase
Temp can denature enzymes
enzymes are extremely specific
Lower amounts of energy is required to start reaction
Hydrolysis
Using H2O to break polymers into monomers
Carbohydrates
Simple carbohydrates= CHO
1:2:1 ratio
Covalent bond between 2 sugars is glycerin linkage
Glycogen
is a storage polysaccharide in animals
Storage Polysaccharides of plants consist of glucose monomer
starch
Cellulose
is a polysaccharide
Cellulose in human food passes through the digestive system as a insoluble fiber
Chitin
is another structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of an arthropod
Fatty Acids
Saturated
fatty acids have maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
Solid at room temperature
Unsaturated
Fatty acids have one or more double bonds
Liquid at room temperature
Hydrophilic = Polar
Hydrophobic=Nonpolar
The head is a phosphate
Fatty acid tails
Cholesterol
, type of steroid, component in animal cell membranes and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized
in order to pass through
, cell phospholipid bilayer needs to be hydrophobic like an oil
Proteins
20 Amino Acids
Proteins are held together by
disulfide
Loss of protein structure is called
denaturation
The roles of nucleic acid is
gene expression
Nucleotide polymers
Nucleotides are linked together by a
phosphodiester linkage to build a polynucleotide
Levels of Proteins
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary Structure
More than one tertiary come together
Interact and are twisted
coils and folds in a chain
straight line of amino acids
