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Therapeutic Communication, Encouraging comparison, Listening, Focusing,…
Therapeutic Communication
Introduction
Therapeutic communication is essential for building a nurse-client relationship.
It is the foundation for applying the nursing process and delivering quality care.
Definitions
Communication: Process of exchanging information between two or more people.
Therapeutic Communication: Ongoing interaction where the nurse uses empathy and skills to identify and respond to client needs.
Communication Process
Stimulus → Sender (encodes message) → Message (verbal/non-verbal) → Channel → Receiver (decodes) → Feedback
Encoding: Converting ideas into words/behaviors.
Decoding: Interpreting the message.
Feedback: Response that confirms understanding.
Factors Affecting Communication
Personality, perception, socio-cultural background, past experiences, environment (privacy, noise, etc.).
Characteristics of Successful Communication
Feedback: Response to the message.
Efficiency: Clear and understandable language.
Appropriateness: Relevance and suitability.
Flexibility: Balanced control in conversation.
Goals of Therapeutic Communication
Establish relationship.
Identify client needs/problems.
Guide toward acceptable solutions.
Assess client’s perception.
Principles of Therapeutic Communication
Client-centered.
Professional attitude.
Limited self-disclosure.
Non-judgmental.
Confidentiality.
Use clarifying statements.
Types of Communication
Verbal: Spoken or written words.
Non-verbal: Behaviors accompanying words (more reliable).
Non-Verbal Communication Includes
Touch: Conveys warmth, concern.
Paralanguage: Tone, pitch, rate of speech.
Kinetics: Facial expressions, eye contact.
Body Movements: Posture, gestures.
Proxemics: Personal space (intimate, personal, social, public zones).
Cultural Artifacts: Clothing, makeup.
Therapeutic Communication Techniques
Listening
Relationship Between Verbal & Non-Verbal Messages
Accent, Contradict, Complement, Regulate, Repeat, Substitute.
Blocks to Communication
Giving opinions
Changing subject
Jumping to conclusions
False reassurance
Using jargon
Encouraging comparison
Making observations
Questioning (open-ended)
Listening
Broad openings (“Where would you like to begin?”)
Encouraging description of perceptions
Focusing
Clarifying
Silence
Accepting
Restating
Paraphrasing
Voicing doubt
Offering self (“I’ll stay with you.”)
General leads (“Go on.”)
Summarizing
Consensual validation
Placing events in sequence
Giving information
Giving recognition
Reflecting
Presenting reality