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Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules -…
Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Carbohydrates Serve as Fuel and Building Material
Sugars
monosaccharide is the monomer of carbohydrates
a carbohydrate or carb is a sugar molecule that provides immediate energy
monosaccharides like glucose are major nutrients for cells
monosaccharides are a singular sugar and the most common one is glucose
a disaccharide consists of two macromolecules joined by a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides
monomers are the repeating units of that serve as building blocks
Polysaccharides
polysaccharides are the polymers of carbs
some serve as storage material and are used as needed to provide monosaccharides for cells
polymers is a long molecule consisting of many building blocks
plants store starch, a polymer of glucose for later use
animals store glycogen mainly in the liver and muscle cells and is released when the demand for energy increases
cellulose is a major component of the tough walls that enclose the plant cells
chitin is the carb used by insects for build their exoskeletons (the hard cases around the soft parts)
Enzymes
enzymes are proteins that act as catalyst to speed up chemical reactions
pH and temperature effect enzymes structures
they usually end in the suffix -ase
they are very specific, the substrate is what links with the enzyme, and the substrate and enzyme meet at the active sire
salt concentration and other environmental factors cause denaturation
Lipids are Diverse
Fats
lipids are fatty compounds that provide long term energy and insulation
a fat is a lipid that consist of a glycerol (alcohol) molecule that is joined by three fatty acids or a triglycerol
fatty acids are long chains of carbon that vary in length, numbers, and location of double bonds
three fatty acids linked to a fat from a triglyceride
triglycerides are the polymers of lipids
unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds, we use more energy to break these down, ex: oils
saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
Phospholipids
phospholipids are made up of glycerol joined by two fatty acids and a phosphate group
they have hydrophobic tails, and the rest of the molecule is polar, the head is hydrophilic
hydrophobic repels water and hydrophilic attracts water
they are essential to cells because they play a major role in the cell membrane
when added to water they assemble into a double layered sheet called a bilayer that shields their hydrophobic fatty acid tails from the water
Dehydration Synthesis
dehydration synthesis/reaction is removing water molecules to create bonds
this reaction happens when your body needs to make structures
this is also known as an anabolic reaction which means to build
each reactant contributes part of the water molecule that is released in the reaction, one provides a hydroxyl group (--OH) and another provides a hydrogen (--H)
this reaction is repeated and it lengthens the polymer
Proteins and Nucleic Acids
Monomer and Polymer of Protein
amino acids are the monomers of proteins
an amino acid is an organic molecule that has both a carboxyl group and an amino acid group
they are grouped according to their properties of their side chains, one group has nonpolar side chains and the other has polar side chains
the polymer of proteins are polypeptides
a peptide bond is a covalent bond between the carboxyl group and the amino acid group
proteins are large complex molecules that build structures
Protein Structure
the primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids, and is inherited by genetic information
the secondary structure is where the polypeptide chains are repeatedly folded or coiled in patterns that contribute to the proteins overall shape, this is a result of the hydrogen bonds between the repeating polypeptide backbone
the tertiary structure is the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the amino side chains.
the quaternary structure is the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of the polypeptide subunits
Components of Nucleic Acids
nucleic acids are biomolecules that store and transmit genetic information
nucleotides are the monomer of nucleic acids
nucleotides are composed of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one to three phosphate groups
there are two families of nitrogenous bases: pyrimidines and purines
pyrimidines have a six ringed of carbon and nitrogen atoms which include cystine, thymine and uracil
purines have a six ringed fused to a five ringed carbon and nitrogen atom which include adenine and guanine
in DNA the sugar is deoxyribose and RNA the sugar is ribose
the polymer of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA
Structures of DNA and RNA
DNA molecules have 2 strands that form a double helix
the two sugar phosphates in DNA in opposite 5' to 3' direction, which is referred to as antiparallel
the two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between the paired bases (A-T or G-C)
RNA molecules are single stranded
transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to the ribosome during the synthesis of a polypeptide