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Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules,…

- - - - Nucleic Acids
        
        Polymer: DNA/RNA (Gene is a unit of inheritance, consisting of DNA(
        
        Monomer: Nucleotide
        
        Function: Store genetic info and function in gene expression;
        
        Example: DNA/RNA/ATP
        
        ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate - reaction releases energy that can be used by the cell
        
        Gene Expression (Also called Protein Synthesis):
        DNA -> Transcription -> RNA Translation -> Amino Acids - Protein
        
        Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
        
        directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA)
        
        provides directions for its own replication
        
        Sugar Deoxyribose, Phosphate Group, and a Nitrogenous base
        
        Phosphodiester Linkage: consists of a phosphate group that links sugars of 2 nucleotides
      - Proteins
        a biologically functional molecule made up of one of more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure
        
        Polymer: Polypeptide (peptide bond are covalent bonds between amino acids)
        
        Monomer: Amino Acids
        
        Function: Build structure
        
        Example: Enzymes, Meat, Nut products
        
        Types of Proteins Functions:
        
        Enzymatic Proteins: FXN Selective acceleration of chemical reactions, Ex: Digestive Enzymes
        
        Defensive Proteins: Fxn: Protection against disease, Ex: Antibodies
        
        Storage Proteins: Fxn- Storage of amino acids, Ex: Casein
        
        Transport Proteins: Fxn- transport of substances Ex: Hemoglobin
        
        Hormonal Proteins: Fxn-Coordination of an organism's activities Ex: Insulin
        
        Receptor Proteins: Fxn-Response of cecll to chemical stimuli Ex: Receptors
        
        Contractile and Motor Proteins: Fxn-Movement Ex: Actin, Myosin
        - Structural Proteins: Fxn-Support Ex: Keratin, Collagen, Elastin
        
        Chaperonins - type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form
        
        Enzymes
        
        proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions
        
        End in -ase
        
        increase temperature & pH can denature enzymes (Change shape/structure)
        
        Enzymes are extremely specific
        
        Lock and key fit
        
        Catalysts - chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction
        
        Amino Acids
        an organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group
        
        at the center of an amino acid is an asymmetric carbon atom called the alpha (a) carbon and it has four different partners
        
        an amino group, a carboxyl group, a Hydrogen atom and a Variable group (R)
        
        The physical and chemical properties of R determine the unique characteristics of the particular amino acid
        
        The 20 Amino Acids of Proteins
        
        Denaturation: the loss of a protein's native structure, is biologically inactivate the protein
        
        Four Levels of Protein Structure
        
        Primary Level: traight chain of amino acids
        
        Secondary Level: consists of folds and twists
        
        Tertiary Level: interactions among various sides of itself
        
        Quaternary Level: consists of many tertiary structures combined together (Ex: Collagen)
        
        Disulfide Bridges: at the tertiary level are held together by strong covalent bonds
        
        improper changes in Protein Structure
        
        Improper Structure folding in a cell can cause diseases
        Ex: Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Mad Cow disease
        
        Slight change in Primary Structure
        
        can affect a protein's structure and ability to function
        Ex: Sickle-Cell Disease single amino acid in the primary level
      - Lipids:
        (Technically not a polymer or macromolecule, but instead a diverse group of molecules that do not mix well with water/hydrophobic)
        
        Polymer: Triglyceride
        
        Monomer: Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids
        
        Function: long-term energy, protection and insulation
        
        Example:* Steroids, Wax, Oil, Butter*
        
        Fat: consists of a glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acids*
        
        Ex: triacyglycerol, triglyceride*
        
        Glycerol: Alcohol - each of its three
        carbons bear a hydroxy group
        
        Fatty Acid: Has a long carbon skeleton,
        usuallly 16 or 18 carbon atoms in length
        
        Unsaturated fatty acids: have one or more cis double bonds (liquid at room temperature) - mostly from plants
        
        Phospholipids:
        
        cell membranes in animals are made from a phospholipid bilayer
        
        Polar, Hydrophilic Head and 2 Non-polar Hydrophobic Tail
        
        things need to be hydrophobic to get through cell membrane
        
        Vitamins A,D,E, & K are hydrophobic so you can easily overdose on them if you take to much.
        
        Steroids:
        
        ilpids characterized by a carbon skeleton consistinof four fused rings.
        
        Cholesterol
        
        a type of steroid, crucial molecule in animals, a component in animal cell membranes and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized like sex hormones and cell membranes
      - Carbohydrates: C, H, O in 1:2:1 Ratio
        
        Polymer : Polysaccharides
        
        Monomer: Monosaccharides (simple Sugars)
        
        Function : source of energy and provide structural support, immediate energy
        
        Examples: Pasta, Sugar, Potatoes, Bread
        
        Saccharides: Means Sugars, most names end in -ose
        
        Monosaccharides: One, Single Sugar Ex: Aldose (Carbonyl Group at end) or Ketose (Carbonyl Group w/in)
        
        2nd Criterion for classifying the size of the carbon skeleton which range from 3 to 7carbons long
        
        Disaccharides:Two, Double Sugars Ex: Maltose, Sucrose (Table Sugar), Lactose
        
        Polysaccharides: Macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages Ex: Starch & Cellulose-plants, Glycogen-muscles
        
        3 Carbon-sugars (C3H6O3);Trioses
        Ex: Glyceraldehyde (Carbonyl Group at end),Dihydroxyacetone (Carbonyl Group w/in)
        
        5 Carbon-Sugars (C5H10O5); Pentoses; Ex: Ribose (Carbonyl Group at end) Ribulose (Carbonyl Group w/in)
        
        6 Carbon-Sugars (C6H12O6) Hexoses;
        Ex: Glucose/Galatose (Carbonyl group at the end), Fructose (Carbonyl group w/in) *