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chapter five: Biomolecules. - Coggle Diagram
chapter five: Biomolecules.
there are four major macromolecules used for life. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
lipids are found in fats, steroids, and even wax. the monomer of a lipid is one glycerol + three fatty acids. a polymer of a lipid is a triglyceride. they are used for storage, protecting organs, and insulation.
saturated fatty acid: this lipid is solid at room temperature. it has no double bonds, and the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible.
phospholipids: they are the phospholipid bilayer and are a barrier that allow or deny things coming into the cell. the phosphate head is polar while the tails are nonpolar. If something wants into the cell it must be nonpolar to get through this membrane.
unsaturated fatty acids: these lipids have one or more double bonds and is liquid at room temperature. these are the harder to digest lipids, and therefore healthier.
carbohydrates are found in starches, sugars, and fibers. the monomer of a carb is a monosaccharide and polymer is polysaccharides. specifically with carbohydrates they are found with a 1:2:1 ratio.
the covalent bonds between monosaccharides is called a glycosidic linkage.
starches are polysaccharides and used as storage for energy. Animals use glycogen and is stored in the liver and muscles. Chitin is found in in the exoskeleton of insects, and the walls of fungi.
carbohydrates are good for fast (relatively speaking) energy, but what is not used as energy will be stored in the body as fat. they have ring structures.
proteins are found in meats and some plants. the monomer is amnio acid, and polymers are polypeptides. these amnio acids have a peptide bond. proteins are used everywhere in the body including enzymes.
the levels of protein structure.
primary: a line of amnio acids.
secondary: the amnio acids begin to fold and coil within a peptide chain.
tertiary: continues to fold and coil in on itself and begins to interact with itself as well.
Quaternary: more than one tertiary protein joins together. these proteins are held together by disulfide bridges.
denaturation is when a protein loses its structure and biological function. IT DOES NOT BREAK APART. In some cases, the protein can return to normal if the source of denaturation is fixed. Ex. a high fever.
enzymes are specizaled biomolecules that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy needed to generate said reactions.
nucleic acids are used in gene expression along with protein synthesis. the monomer is a nucleotide; the polymers are DNA and RNA. Nucleic acids are also used in ATP, the energy for a cell.
a bond that breaks between nucleotides is a phosphodiester.
all biotic organisms are theorized to either have been formed by volcanic eruptions or even in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Though some offer up a hypothesis that meteorites. What has been proven with experiments is that organic compounds can be created.
in 2016 a study proved that Adenine and Guanine could occur spontaneously from other molecules. this Abiotic synthesis also was accomplished in 2009 with Cytosine and Uracil.
Prokaryotes were earth's first organisms with direct evidence dated from, 3.5 billion years ago. they were found in stromatolite, which is layered rock with the sediments bound together by prokaryote activity.
Eukaryotes that were only single celled organism are accepted to have appeared 1.8 billion years ago. the evidence suggests that Eukaryotes evolved via endosymbiosis: when a prokaryote cell engulfed another, smaller cell that eventually became an organelle. Ex. the mitochondria of the eukaryotic cells.
from these single celled eukaryotes rose the multicellular eukaryotes. like algae, fungi, or even animals.