Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules - Coggle…
Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Structure basics of biological molecules
Monomers: Repeating units that are used to serve as building blocks for.....
Polymers: Long molecules that consist of many building blocks, or monomers
Macromolecules: Large polymers and known as this because of their size
Breakdown of polymers
Dehydration Reaction: Occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
Hydrolysis: Polymers are disassembled to their monomers which is the reverse of dehydration reaction
Enzymes: Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions such as those that make or break down reactions
Carbohydrates
Monomer: Monosaccaride
Polymer: Polysaccharide
Storage:
Animal: Glycogen
Plants: Starch
Chitin: A Structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
Cellulose: Passes through the human digestive system as a "Insoluble fiber"
Glucose: C6H12O6
Glycosidic linkage: Covalent bond of two monosaccharides
Disaccharide: two monosaccharides form due to dehydration reaction
Lipids
Monomer: Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids
Phospholipids: Two fatty acids and a phosphate attached to a glycerol
Tail: Hydrophobic, Nonpolar
Head: Hydrophilic, and polar
Ester Linkage: Where the fatty acids joins the glycerol
Unsaturated fats: Have one or more double bonds (Liquid @ room temp)
Saturated fats: Have the maximun # of hydrogen bonds and no double bonds(Solid @ room temp)
Hydrogenation: Process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
Vegetable oil Hydrogenation: Creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds
Types of Lipids
Steriods: Lipids characterized as carbon skeleton of four fused rings
Cholesterol: Type of steroids, precursor for which steroids are formed
Protien
Monomer: Amino Acid
Polymer: Polypeptide
Peptide bonds: amino acids are linked by covalent bonds
Four Levels of structure
Secondary chain: Twisting
Tertiary Structure: Twisted, folded, and attached to itself
Interactions
Disulfide Bridges: strong covalent bonds which reinforce the protein's structure
Change In structure: Sickle cell disease, an Inherited blood disorder which results from a single amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin protien
Denaturation: Loss of a proteins native structure
Hydrophobic interactions
Ionic bonds
Van Der Walls
Hydrogen bonds
Primary structure: Straight chain of amino acids
Q Structure: Attached with other other tertiary
Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribnucleic Acid(DNA)
Antiparallel: Structure of DNA which runs in 5' to 3'
Nitrogen bases are connected by hydrogen bonds
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Polymers called polynucleotides
Monomers:Nucelotides
Pentose Sugar
Deoxyribose: Sugar for DNA
Ribose: Sugar for RNA
Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous Base
Purines(A,G) six-membered ring fused to five membered ring
Pyrimidines:(C,T,U, single membrerd ring)
Phosphophodiester: Linkage between nucleotides