Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Ch. 5: Sturcture & Function of Large Biological Molecules - Coggle…
Ch. 5: Sturcture & Function of Large Biological Molecules
Biomolecules; organicmolecules; macromolecules
Lipids
Polymer: Triglyceride
Monomer: Glyceride + 3 fatty acids
Proteins
Polymer: Polypeptide
Monomer: Amino Acids
Carbohydrates
Polymer- (many building blocks): Polysaccharide (HARD TO BREAK DOWN- corn)
Monomer- (1 building block): Monosaccharides
Nucleic Acids
Polymer: DNA/RNA
Monomer: Nucleotides
Carbohydrates
Ex of carbs: bread, glucose, oats
Monosaccharides
C:H:O, 1:2:1 ration
Simple sugar names often end with -ose
-Fructose
-Glucose
Disaccgarides
-Surcose
-Maltose
-Lactose
Function: Immediate energy
Disaccharides: Glycosidic linkage : 2 monosacchrides join together by dehydration reaction; covalent.
Starch: energy storage in plants
Glycogen: energy storage in animals
Cellusose: major component in plant cell walls
Chitin: exoskeleton- another structual polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton (embedded in the proteins)
Proteins
ENZYMES!- characteristics: typically ends in -ase
Temp & pH effect enzymes structure (denatures)
catalysts
VERY SPECIFIC NAMES (typically giving away the substrate)
ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS, BUT NOT ALL PROTEINS ARE ENZYMES
Enzymes: Macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
LEVELS of PROTEIN ORGANIZATION:
Primary Structure: a sequence of a chain of amino acids; a little squiggly line
Secondary structure: Hydrogen bonds stablize structure & form pattern; helix shape like
Tertiary Structure: Hydrogen bonding, Ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions; intense ribbon
Quaternary Structure: protein made up of more than one amino acid chain; many intense ribbons
Quaternary structures examples: Collage; 3 polypeptide chain
Hemoglobin; 4 polypeptide chains
Polypeptide- chain of many amino acids
Peptide: two or more animo acids bonded together (via dehydration synthesis reaction)
Sickle cell diseases: (inherited by both parents, (disorder- inherited by 1)) half crescent moon shaped red blood cells
Functions: Tons: structural: hair or fingernails
Transport: Hemoglobin- transports iron in our blood
Homornal: regulates blood sugar
Defense: Antibodies
Chaperonins: stabilize newly-formed polypeptides while folding (USES ATP as the energy source to do this)
Lipids
Function: long term energy storage
Steroids: lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of FOUR FUSED RINGS.
Cholesterol:
type of steroid
, a component in animal cell membrane and
precursor from which other steroids are synthesized.
All lipids are HYDROPHOBIC/ EX: fats, oils, waxes (any carbs unbroken become stored as lipids
Fatty acids
saturated: no double bonds in carbon chains (less "healthier")
Solid @ room temp.
Unsaturated: one/more double bonds (healthier: takes more energy to break)
Liquid @ room temp.
Polyunsaturated:
unsaturated fats have been synthetically convert to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
(
process called Hydrogenation
) also creating unsaturated fats with
trans
double bonds (transfats, not good for us)
Phospholipids: has hydrophilic head, and hydrophobic tails
Cell membrane: bilayer of phospholipids (THEY ARE AMPHIPATHIC: contains polar and non-polar regions
Functions:
Hydrophilic heads interact with aqueous solution while the tails are inwards, forming a barrier between the cell and the external environment.
FOUND IN EVERY CELL IN OUR BODIES
NUCLEIC ACIDS: these do not have to be replenshed
Structure of Nucleotides (Monomer of Nucleic Acids)
Contains: Nitrogen base-Phosphate-Pentose Sugar
Function: "Central Dogma of Molecular Biology" INFORMATION FLOW IN CELLS (stores our genetic information)
2 main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA
DNA --> genetic code
RNA --> protein synthesis --> gene expression: carries message from DNA to cells
Nitrogen bases for DNA: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine
Nitrogen bases for RNA: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil
IMPORTANT
NUCLETOIDS MUST KNOW:
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate: main energy currency in ALL living things (Tri- 3 phosphates)
Dehydration synthesis forms polymer of nucleotides
Phosphate and sugars form backbone
Phosphate Linkage: carbon 3' of one sugar and carbon 5' of the next
MUST KNOW VOCAB TERMS:
Monomer: 1 building block
Dehydration synthesis reaction: makes something by removing H2O (anabotic, endergonic- requires energy to build these molecules "to build"/ produced)
Polymer: chain of many building blocks
Hydrolysis (decomposition)- the addition of water to break things down (catabotic, exergonic- releases energy "to breakdown"/ consumed "used")
Denaturing: change in shape
Activation energy: amount of energy required to get chemical reaction started
Catalyst: substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered.
substrate: reactant enzyme acts on
Active Site: binds substrate to enzyme (MUST FIT PERFECTLY)
