Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Nutriphysiology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Essential Nutrients: A substance that an organism can not synthesize from any other material and therefore must absorb in a preassembled form.
        
        Essential Amino Acids: An amino acid that an animal cannot synthesize itself
        
        Essential Fatty Acids: Fatty acids that an animal cannot synthesize itself.
        
        Vitamins: Organic molecules required in a diet
        
        Water Soluble
        
        B1(Thiamine): Coenzyme used in removing carbon dioxide from organic compounds
        
        B2(riboflavin):Component of enzymes FAD and FMN
        
        B3(Niacin): Component of coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+
        
        B5(Pantothenic Acid): Component of coenzyme A
        
        B6( Pyridoxine) Coenzyme used in amino acid metabolism
        
        B7(Biotin): Coenzyme in synthesis of fat, glycogen, and amino acids
        
        B9(Folic Acid): Coenzyme in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism
        
        B12(coalamin): Production of nucleic acids and erythrocytes
        
        C(Ascorbic Acid): Used in collagen synthesis;antioxidant
        
        Fat Soluble
        
        A(Retinol): Comp[onent of visual pigments, maintenance of epithelial tissues
        
        D: Aids in absorption and use of calcium and phosphorus
        
        E(tocopherol): Antioxidant, helps prevent damage to cell membranes
        
        K(phylloquinone): Important in blood clotting
        
        Minerals: A simple nutrient that is inorganic and cannot be synthesized by the body
        
        Essential Minerals
        
        Calcium
        
        Phosphorus
        
        Sulfur
        
        Potassium
        
        Chlorine
        
        Sodium
        
        Magnesium
        
        Iron
        
        Flourine
        
        Iodine
      - Herbivores: animals that only eat plants
      - Carnivores: Animals that only eat meat
      - Omnivores: Animals that eat plants and meat
  - - - Filter Feeders:strain small organisms or food particles from surrounding medium
      - Substrate Feeders: Animals that live on or in their food source
      - Fluid Feeders: Seek nutrient-rich fluid from living host
      - Bulk Feeders: Eat large pieces of food
    - - Intracellular: Digestion that occurs within the cell such as hydrolysis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis
      - Extracellular: Digestion that occurs outside the cell
        
        Through a gastrovascular cavity in noncomplex animals and an alimentary canal in complex organisms
  - - - Oral Cavity; Mouth of animal
        
        Salivary Glands: Gland that secretes substances that lubricate food and begin the process of chemical digestion.
        
        Mucus: Mixture of water, salts, and glycoproteins that moistens and protects membranes lining body cavities
        
        Amylase: Enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller polysaccharides
        
        Pharynx: An area in the vertebrae throat where air and food passages cross. In flatworms, the muscular tube that protrudes from the ventral side of worm and ends in the mouth.
        
        Esophagus: Muscular Tube that conducts food
        
        Peristalsis:Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation
        
        Sphincter: Ringlike Valve of Muscle
    - - Stomach: Organ that stores food and performs digestion
        
        Gastric Juice:Digestive fluid secreted by stomach
        
        Chyme: Mixture of gastric juice and ingested food
        
        Protease: An enzyme that digests proteins through hydrolysis
        
        Pepsin: An enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins
        
        Pepsinogen: The inactive form of pepsin secreted by chief cells located in the gastric pits in the stomach
      - Small Intestine: Longest section of the alimentary canal, the principle site of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules
        
        Duodenum: First section of the small intestine
      - Large Intestine: Functions in water absorption and the formation of feces
        
        Colon: Largest section of large intestine
        
        Cecum: Blind pouch that forms one branch of large intestine
        
        Appendix: Contains a mass of leukocytes that regulate immunity
        
        Rectum: Terminal portion of large intestine that stores feces
    - - Pancreas: A gland with exocrine and endocrine functions and aids in digestion, secretes enzymes to maintain homeostasis through producing glucagon and insulin
        
        Bile: Mixture of substances in bile and gallbladder which aids in digestion
      - Liver: Organ that maintains blood glucose and detoxifying chemicals
        
        Hepatic Portal Vein: Large vessel that regulates blood nutrient content
        
        Chylomicrons: A lipid transport globule composed of cholesterol and proteins
      - Gallbladder: Organ that stores bile
  - - - Insulin: Lowers Blood Sugar
        
        Diabetes Mellitus:Endocrine disease marked by the inability to maintain glucose homeostasis
        
        Type 1: Results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting cells, treatment usually requires insulin injections
        
        Type 2: Results from reduced responsiveness to target cells to insulin ,obesity and lack of exercise are risk factors
      - Glucagon Increases Blood Sugar
- - - - Amoeba: Single-celled organism that carries out all nutrient exchange
      - Hydra: An animal with two layers of the cells
      - Interstitial Fluid: Fluid and filling the spaces between cells in most animals.
      - Tissues: Group of cells that perform a common function
      - Organs: Groups of tissues that perform a function
      - Organ System: Groups of organisms that work together to perform a common response
    - - Anatomy: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and anus
      - Physiology: Food processing (Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)
    - - Anatomy: Heart, blood vessels, and blood
      - Physiology: Internal distribution of materials
    - - Anatomy: Lungs, trachea, alveoli
      - Physiology: Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
    - - Anatomy: Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and vessels
      - Physiology:Body defense for pathogens and infections
    - - Anatomy: Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands
      - Physiology: Coordination of body regulation
        
        Signaling of hormones: signal travels everywhere via the bloodstream
        
        Response: Limited to cells that have a receptor for the signal
    - - Anatomy: Ovaries, testes
      - Physiology: Gamete production, promotion of fertilization and embryo
    - - Anatomy
        
        Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
      - Physiology: Coordination of body activities, transmit signals and respond to stimulus
        
        Signaling by neurons: Signal travels along axon to a specific location
        
        Response: Limited to cells that connect by specialized junctions ro an axon that transmits an impulse
    - - Anatomy: Skin, hair, swat glands
      - Physiology: Protection, prevents dehydration, and thermoregulation
    - - Anatomy: Skeletons, bones, tendon, and ligaments
      - Physiology: Body support, protection, and movement
    - - Anatomy: Skeletal Muscles
      - Physiology: Locomotion and movement
  - - - Acclimatization: Physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor.
    - - Circadian Rhythm: A set of physiological changes that occurs every 24 hours
  - - - Endothermic: meaning that gave warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism
      - Ectothermic: They gain most of their heat from the external environment
      - Radiation: Emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero
      - Evaporation: Removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas
      - Convection: The transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface
      - Conduction: Transfer of heat between molecules of object in contact with each other
    - - Countercurrent exchange: Transfer of heat between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions
      - Thermogenesis: Variation in heat production, to match changing rates of heat loss
  - - - Basal Metabolic Rate: The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and non stressed endotherm at comfortable temperature.
      - Standard Metabolic Rate: Metabolic rate of a fasting, resting, non stressed ectotherm at a particular temperature
    - - Hibernation: A long-term physiological state in which the metabolism decreases, heart and respiratory rate slow down and and body temperature is maintained at a lower level than normal.
    - - Environmental Response
      - Nutritional Mode
      - Growth and Regulation
      - Transport
      - Absorption
      - Reproduction
      - Gas Exchange