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Discoveries in medicine during the 19th century - Coggle Diagram
Discoveries in medicine during the 19th century
Vaccination & Disease Prevention
Edward Jenner (1798)
Discovered vaccination using cowpox to prevent smallpox.
Smallpox prevention; vaccination spreads globally (1812)
Louis Pasteur (1861)
Developed Germ Theory (microorganisms cause disease).
Revolutionized prevention, led to pasteurization.
Created vaccines for anthrax, rabies, chicken cholera.
Robert Koch (1880s–90s)
Identified bacteria causing tuberculosis (1880), cholera (1883), and septicaemia.
Inspired bacteriology, improved diagnosis, evidence for antiseptics.
Shibasaburo Kitasato & Alexandre Yersin (1894)
Identified plague bacterium.
Advanced bacteriology, international rivalry in medicine.
Emil von Behring (1901 Nobel Prize)
Found animals produced anti-toxins (diphtheria treatment)
Understanding the Body
William Beaumont (1822)
Studied digestion via patient with stomach fistula.
Theodor Schwann
Found animals are made of cells (not humours).
Henry Gray (1858)
Published Gray’s Anatomy.
Improved anatomical teaching for students.
Surgery
Obstacles: Pain, Infection, Blood Loss
Pain Relief (Anaesthetics)
Ether (1842, USA)
First successful anaesthetic use (tumour removal).
Longer, more complex surgeries possible. Risk of deaths increased.
Chloroform (1847, James Simpson, Britain)
Widely used, esp. in childbirth.
Cocaine (1884, Carl Koller)
First local anaesthetic.
Infection Control (Antiseptics & Asepsis)
Huge drop in post-op infections, cleaner hospitals.
New Discoveries about Disease Transmission
Patrick Manson (1884, Britain)
Showed mosquitos transmitted elephantiasis.
Later linked to malaria transmission.
Charles Chamberland (France)
Discovered viruses (smaller than bacteria).
Women in Medicine
Elizabeth Blackwell (1849)
First woman doctor in the USA.
Florence Nightingale (Crimean War, 1853–56)
Emphasized cleanliness in hospitals; used diagrams to prove hygiene reduced mortality.