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Level Discriptor Question for CH. 11 (LDQ) - Coggle Diagram
Level Discriptor Question for CH. 11 (LDQ)
Research & Development
in Transport
Reliability [+tive]
Ex: Cities are investing in research and development to explore ways to improve transport systems. Innovations such as trip planning mobile applications that provide real-time traffic information on travel time and cost can shape travel habits and choice of transport
E.g. Norway's government funded battery technology research where norwegian institutes partnered with european companies to improve lithium-ion battery life, charging speed, etc., encouraging Electric Vehicle (EV) use. This has led Norway's EV adoption to be the highest in the world, where 88.9% of new cars sold in the country in 2024 were EVs
L: By improving lithium-ion battery life and charging speed, the risk of EVs breaking down is reduced and it also allows the user to use the EV for a longer period of time → this makes it more reliable for people to use EVs
P: Research & Development in Transport is able to make transport systems more reliable by ensuring it is more resilient
Reliability [-tive]
L: Without a good recycling ecosystem for EV batteries, it has resulted in a shortage of lithium-ion batteries and EV adoption to slow down.
E.g. Despite India's investment into advanced Electric Vehicle research, only 5 - 10% of EV batteries are properly recycled, while the rest are kept in unsafe operations. Valuable substances, such as mercury and lithium, end up harming the environment instead of being reused
Ex: Research & development in transport face limitations, such as how supportive infrastructure to maintain them may not be developed alongside the research. Without proper support and development, the project will not be able to effectively succeed
P:
Provision of a Range of Mobility
options for different groups of people
Reliability [+tive]
L: With these options, it allows all groups of people to be able to travel from location to location, without having to worry about whether the infrastructure is able to accommodate them, providing consistent, dependable access
Eg: As of 2020, over 80% of pedestrian crossings near public transport nodes in Singapore are barrier-free, and all new buses and MRT stations are designed with universal accessibility features
Ex: One's advanced age, physical disabilities or health-related conditions can limit the mobility of these people. These problems make travelling too inconvenient and difficult for PWDs and the elderly. However, by providing them a range of mobility options and different transport modes, they are more inclined to take advantage of it
Reliability [-tive]
Ex: Along with the struggles of persons with disabilities (PWDs) and the elderly, poor transport system designs and availability of transport modes further limit their mobility, leaving some to even isolate themselves.
E.g. While Singapore has achieved a 100% wheelchair-accessible bus fleet, the limitation of only one wheelchair bay per bus means demand sometimes exceeds supply, especially during peak hours, reducing reliability and discouraging use
L: It results in uncertainty for PWDs and the elderly as they cannot predict whether they will have the chance to board the transport and it may cause them to be left behind and wait for multiple buses, making travel times inconsistent and unpredictable for them.
Integrated Land-use and Transport Planning
Reliability [+tive]
L: By reducing car dependency, it reduces the amount of traffic congestion mainly in the central business district , especially during peak hours, which allows commuters to travel smoothly and reduces risk of accidents by reducing possible agitation
E.g. Singapore’s Land Transport Master Plan (LTMP)
is a long-term plan to develop a well-connected and
convenient transport network. It has reduced the time needed
to reach amenities, reducing car dependency. By 2020,
about 67% of peak-hour journeys in Singapore were
made by public transport, with a target of 75% by 2030
Ex: Transport planning refers to the process of forecasting
the operation, provision and management of infrastructure
and services to meet usage needs. Good planning is able
to provide transport facilities and services that can
move people and goods conveniently and efficiently.
P: Integrated land use and transport planning is able to contribute to a reliable transport system by reducing delays
Reliability [-tive]
Ex: Land-use planning and transport planning refers to different stakeholders deciding where and how a piece of land is used. However, when different stakeholders have do not have a clear layout of the infrastructure and rush to develop transport services, this could lead to the public not receiving the intended benefits.
E.g. In Jakarta, weak integration between land-use and transport planning led to urban sprawl, delayed mass rapid transit (MRT) projects, and over-prioritisation of road expansion. Private vehicle dependency soared, with congestion costing the city an estimated USD 6.5 billion annually in lost productivity.
L: Congestion not only resulted in poorer travel times for commuters, increasing risk of accidents due to increased irritation, but also resulted in money that could have been used to improve and maintain transport systems to be wasted.
Laws & Policies for
Transport Systems
Reliability [+tive]
L:
E.g.
Ex:
Reliability [-tive]