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STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LARGE MOLECULES (MACROMOLECULES) - Coggle Diagram
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LARGE MOLECULES (MACROMOLECULES)
polymer
long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
proteins
constructed from 20 sets of amino acids
Polypeptides are unbranched polymers built from amino acids
amino aacids are its monomer
Amino acids
organic molecules with amino and carboxyl gruops
linked by peptide bonds forming polypeptides
four levels of protein structure
secondary structure
coils and folds in the [polypeptide cahain
alpha helix and beta peated sheets are formed
tertiary structure
interactions among various side chains ( R groups)
these interactions are ionic, hydrophoboc and van der waals
primary structure
unique sequence of amino acids
sickle cell disease occur here
results from a single amino acid substitution in protein hemoglobin
quaternary structure
results when amino acids consists of multiple polypeptides
protein is used to build structure, transport nutrients, facilitates movement
exampes are enzymes, collagen
carbohydrates
monomer is simple sugars monossacharides
two monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bond by dehydration reaction
dissaccharides
glucose is a common monosaccharide
polymer is polysaccharide
starch,
storage polysaccharide in plants
simplest form is amylose
glycogen
storage polysaccharide in animals
stored mostly in liver and muscle cells
cellulose
stores energy in wall of plant cells
chitin
polysaccharide found i exoskeleton of arthropods
provide structural support for cell walls of many fungi
immediate energy term
nucleic acid
monomer is nucleotides
eg DNA and RNA
deoxyribonucleic acid stores genetic information
DNA is a double stranded helical shape
provides directions for its own replication
sugar is deoxyribose
base pairing, thymine-adenine, guanine-cytosine
Ribonucleic acid is single stranded
sugar is ribose
in base pairing, adenine-uracil, guanine-cytosine
carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes
consists of nitrogenous bases, a pentose sugar
two families
pyrimidines
adenine and guanine
purines
cytosine,thymine and uracil
nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester linkage building a polynucleotide
hydrolysis
water is used to break down a molecule
monomer
repeating units that serves as building blocks
dehydration reaction
when two monomers bond together through the loss of water molecule
lipids as fourth
are hydrophobic
mix poorly with water
are not polymers
important lipids are fats,phospholipids and steroids
fats are from glycerol and fatty acids
fatty acid consist of carboxyl group attached to long carbon skeleton
triaglycerol
three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ester linkage
saturated fats
no double bond and have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
are solids at room temperature
example butter
unsaturated fats
one or more double bonds
are liquids at room temperation
example oil
hydrogenation
converting unsaturated fats to saturated by adding hydrogen
major function of faats is energy storage
phospholipids
two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol
two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
head is hydrophilic
when added to water, they self-assemble into double layered sheets called bilayer
Steroids are lipids composed of a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
Cholesterol
precursor from which other steroids are synthesized
mostly consists of hydrocarbon
enzymes
speed up chemical reactions
amylase
breaks down carbohydrates to simple sugars monosaccharides
lipase
acts on lipids
nuclease
breaks nuclei acids into nucleotides
peptide
breaks down proteins into amino acids
are denatured by heat, temperature, extreme PH