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Lymphoid organs:
Lymphoid are broken into two categories: Primary and…
Lymphoid organs:
- Lymphoid are broken into two categories: Primary and Secondary lymphoid organs (21.1)
Primary:
- The Thymus and Red Bone Marrow (21.1)
-In these organs, lymphocytes mature and proliferate (Key Terms)
Thymus:
- a bilobed organ in between the sternum and aorta of the heart (21.1)
- It is involved in the development and maturation of T-cells (key terms
- Its outer region contains thymocytes with some epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (21.1)
Red Bone Marrow:
- Hematopoiesis occurs here (21.1)
- Here, B cells undergo nearly all of its development in red bone marrow (21.1)
- Immature T cells will leave and mature in the thymus gland (21.1)
Secondary:
- Includes the lymph nodes and spleen (Key terms)
- Here, Lymphocytes mount immune responses (21.2)
- A naive lymphocyte will leave the primary organ and move here (21.2)
Lymph Nodes:
- bean shaped, Humans have about 500-600 nodes (21.1)
- It functions to remove debris and pathogens from the Lymph (21.1)
- The site of adaptive immune responses mediated by T cells, B cells, and accessory cells of the adaptive Immune System (21.1)
M.A.L.T.:
- Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid tissue, consist of an aggregate of lymphoid follicles associated with the mucous membrane epithelia (21.1)
Tonsils:
- A lymphoid Nodule along the inner surface of the Pharynx, important for developing immunity against oral pathogens (21.1)
- Has a structure called tonsillar crypt that encourages pathogens to penetrate into tonsillar tissue. They are then acted upon and destroyed by lymphoid follicles (21.1)
Peyer's Patches:
- found in the small Intestine, causes an immune response against ingested substances (21.1)
- Has M cells that sample intestinal lumen, transporting it to nearby follicles to possibly mount to potential pathogens (21.1)
Appendix:
- A process nearly identical as to what Peyer's patch does can be performed in the Appendix (21.1)
- A blockage of the lumen triggers cells to elicit an inflammatory response which can lead to appendicitis (21.1)
Diffuse Lymph Tissues:
- Found in the GI and respiratory Tract (21.1)
- These tissues are important for immune response, protecting against inhaled pathogens & those found in the GI (21.1)
Spleen:
attached to the lateral border of the stomach via gastrosplenic ligament; it is fragile. (21.1)
- Extensively vascularized, sometimes called "filter of the blood" because of it, and the presence of macrophages and dendritic cells that remove microbes and other materials from the blood. (21.1)
- functions as a location of immune responses to blood-borne pathogens (21.1)
Lymph Transport:
- Lymph is transported by vessels by the movement of the body i.e contraction of skeletal muscles and breathing (21.1)
Lymph:
- Interstitial fluid within the lymphatic system containing WBCs (21.1)
- it will drain into blood vessel to deliver molecules to blood that could not enter via bloodstream (4.3)
- is thought of as recycled blood plasma (20.3)
Lymph Capillaries:
- AKA terminal lymphatics, these vessel allow interstitial fluid to enter the lymphatic system to become lymph fluid (21.1)
- One cell layer thick of endothelial cells (21.1)
- Lacteals, a type of Lymph Capillary, is critical for transporting dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins to the bloodstream. (21.1)
Lymph Vessels:
- begin as a blind ending, or closed end (21.1)
- lymphatic trunks are larger vessel that collect lymph and empties it into the blood via lymphatic ducts (Key Terms)
-Lymphatic ducts are located at the junction of the jugular and subclavian veins in the neck (21.1)
- These ducts empty lymph into the circulatory system (21.1)
Lymphoid cells:
- Hematopoietic stem cells which give rise to lymphocytes (key Terms)
Immune system cells:
- Leukocytes, they will leave the blood stream to perform routinely checks, leaving vessels via diapedesis (18.4)
- many wander freely but can be attracted by chemical signals emitted from other leukocytes, positive chemotaxis (18.4)
Macrophages:
- Monocytes which have left circulation and phagocytize debris, foreign pathogens, worn-out erythrocytes, and other dead cells (18.4)
- Can release chemicals that attract of leukocytes to the site of an infection (18.4)
Dendritic Cells:
- resides in Lymph nodes and can kill pathogens, by phagocytosis, that pass through them (21.1)
- takes antigens to a regional lymph node where an immune response can be mounted (21.5)
Lymphocytes:
- Agranular WBC which function in specific immunity / adaptive immune response (Key terms)
- Mature in primary lymphoid organs, but mount immune responses in the secondary lymphoid organs (21.1)
B Cells:
- Produces antibodies; it will secrete a soluble form of their surface antibodies (21.1)
- Plasma cells are activated B cell, it has differentiated in response to antigen binding, gaining the ability to secrete soluble antibodies (21.1)
- Plasma cell, have large amounts of cytoplasm packed with protein-synthesizing machinery called Rough E.R (21.1)
T cells:
- Secretes molecules which regulate the immune system or by causing the destruction of foreign cells, viruses, and cancer cells (Key terms)
- provides cellular level immunity, physically attacking foreign or diseased cells (18.4)
- will undergo mutation in the Thymus (18.4)
- instead of secreting antibodies, it will secrete other factors than communicate with other cells in relation of adaptive immune response (21.1)
Supporting Cells:
- cells found throughout many body systems that help "behind the scenes". In a way, they help special cells to perform their functions.
Reticular Cells:
- Produced reticular fibers that form the network where cells can attach to (4.3)