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The Sounds of Speech - Coggle Diagram
The Sounds of Speech
Vowels
-produced without obstruction;
-voiced sounds;
-have no noise component.
Consonants
the air stream meets an obstruction;
-have the noise component :
The degree of noise
Noise consonants (have noise component)
According to the work of vocal cords
voiceless (vocal cords do not vibrate)
p, t, k, f, θ, s, h, ʃ, tʃ
voiced (vocal cords vibrate)
b, d, g, v, z, ʤ, ð, ʒ
According to the degree of force of articulation
Strong (produced with more muscular energy)
p, t, k, f, θ, s, h, ʃ, tʃ
Weak (produced with relatively weak breath effort)
b, d, g, v, z, ʤ, ð, ʒ
Sonorants (made with tone prevailing over noise)
m, n, w, l, r, j, ŋ
The place of articulation
According to the number of points of articulation
Unicentral (one point of articulation)
Bicentral (two places of articulation)
According to the position of active organ of speech
Labial
(made by lips)
Bilabial (both lips are active)
p, b, m, w
Labio-dental (lower lip against the edge of the upper teeth)
v, f
Lingual
Forelingual (tip or the blade of the tongue active)
According to the position of the tip of the tongue
Apical - tip of the tongue is active
t, d, s, z, n, l, ʤ, ð, ʒ, θ, ʃ, tʃ
Dorsal (blade of the tongue takes part)
Russian sounds
cacuminal (the tip of the tongue is at the back part of the teeth ridge, but a depression is formed in the blade of the tongue)
r
According to the place of obstruction
Interdental - made with the tip of the tongue projected between the teeth
ð, θ
Dental - produced with the blade of the tongue against the upper teeth
Russian sounds
Alveolar - articulated with the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth ridge
t, d, s, z, n, l
Post-alveolar - made when the tip or the blade of the tongue is against the upper teeth ridge
r
Plato-alveolar - made with the tip or the blade of the tongue is against the teeth ridge and the front part of the tongue raised towards the hard palate
ʤ, ʒ, ʃ, tʃ
Mediolingual - produced with the front part of the tongue, they are always palatal, front part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate
j
Backlingual (velar) - produced with the back part of the tongue raised towards to the soft palate
k, g, ŋ
The glottal
- articulated in the glottis
h
The manner of articulation
The types of obstruction
complete (the organs of speech are in contact and the air stream meets a closure in the mouth or nasal cavities)
p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, ŋ, tʃ, ʤ
Incomplete (the active organ of speech moves towards the point of articulation and the air stream goes through the narrowing between them)
f, v, s, z, h, w, l, r, j, θ, ð, ʒ, ʃ
Momentary obstruction (formed when the tip of the tongue taps quickly several times against the teeth ridge)
Rus. р, р'
Occlusive
(the air stream meets a complete obstruction in mouth)
Stops (plosives) - occlusive noise consonant
According to the work of vocal cords
Voiced
b, d, g
Voiceless
p, t, k
According to the force of articulation
strong (fortis)
weak (lenis)
Occlusive sonorants (complete obstruction+ lowered soft palate)
m, n, ŋ
Constrictive
(air stream meets an incomplete obstruction in the resonator)
Fricatives (constrictive noise consonants)
According to the work of vocal cords
voiced
v, z, ð, ʒ
voiceless
f, s, h, θ, ʃ
According to the force of articulation
weak
strong
Sonorants
w, r, l, j
Occlusive
(noise consonants sounds produced with a complete obstruction which is released and the air escapes from the mouth with some friction)
tʃ, ʤ
Rolled
(pronounced with periodical momentary obstruction when the tip of the tongue taps quickly several times against the teeth ridge and vibrates)
Rus. р, р'