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Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules -…
Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Carbohydrate
Polymer
: Polysaccharide
Storage Polysaccharides
Starch
: a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists of glucose monomer
Glycogen
: is the storage polysaccharide in animals
:star: The polysaccharide
cellulose
is a major component of the tought wall of plant cells
The cellulose in human food passes throught the digestive tract as
"insoluble fiber"
:star:
Chitin
: is another polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of antropods
Monomer
: Monosaccaride
:star:
Disaccharide
: is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosacharides
:star:
Glycosidic Linkage
: covalent bond between two monosaccharides
:star: used for immediate energy
:lock:
examples
: potatoes,
starch
, corn, sugar
:check: Carbohydrates contain - Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen - 1:2 ratios
:lock:
example
: Glucose C6H12O6
:star:
Gycogen
: is a storage polysaccharide in animals
Lipids
Polymer
: Triglyceride
Monomer
: Gycerol + Fatty Acids
:star: used for long term energy storage; storage + protection/insulation
:lock:
examples
: fats, waxes, steriods
Saturated Fatty Acids
:
NO double bond
& is
considered to be LESS healthy for the human body
:star: solid at room temperature
:lock:
example
: butter
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
:
DO have double bond
& is
considered to be MORE healthy for the human body
:star: liquid at room temperature
:lock:
example
: olive oil
Hydrogenation
: is the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
:lock:
example
: waxes &
Trans-Fats
Trans-Fats
: THE LEAST HEALTHIEST FATS IN THE WORLD & contribute to cardiovasular disease
Proteins
Polymer
: Polypetides
Monomer
: Amino Acids
:star: used for building structures
FOUR
levels of organization
Primary Structure
: long chain of animo acids
Secondary Structure
: like a primary, but twisted
Tertiary Structure
: is a primary, that is twisted & folded
Quaternary Structure
: is a clump of teritary
:star:
A protein structure determines function
:lock:
example: Sickle-cell Disease
- an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin
:lock:
example
: meats, any kind of peanuts,
ENZYMES
Enzymes
:
:star: end with -ase
:star: temperature + pH alter the structure of enzymes =
DENATURE
Denature
:star: alter the structure of enzymes caused my temperature + pH
:star: enzymes are specific
:star:
gene expression = protein synthesis
Nucleic Acid
Polymer
: DNA/RNA
Monomer
: Nucleotide
:star: used for genetic information
:lock:
examples
: DNA , RNA, &
ATP
Dehydration Synthesis
:star: process of removing H2O to make polymers
Hydrolysis
:star: process using H2O to break a polymer apart into monomers
Definitions
:
Polymer
: is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
Monomers
: the repeating units that serve as building blocks
Phospholipids
:star: Two fatty acids and a Phosphate group are attached to glycerol
Steroids
:star: are lipids charcaterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
:star:
Cholesterol
: a type of steriod, is a component in animal cell membrane and a precursor from which other steriods are synthesized
Enzymes
:star: Temperature & pH denature
:star: end in -ase
:star:
Catalysts
: speed up chemical reactions