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Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
Carbon’s Chemical Versatility
Chains and Rings
Can form straight chains, branched chains, or rings
Double Bonds
Allow for structural diversity
Tetravalence
Carbon forms four covalent bonds
Functional Groups
Attached to carbon skeletons
Determines properties of molecules
Functional Groups
Sulfhydryl (-SH)
Stabilizes protein structure
Phosphate (-OPO3²⁻)
Contributes negative charge
Energy transfer (ATP)
Amino (-NH2)
Bases, accept H+
Methyl (-CH3)
Carboxyl (-COOH)
Acids, donate H+
Hydroxyl (-OH)
Alcohols, polar
Soluble in water
Carbonyl (>C=O)
Aldehydes and ketones
Isomers
Cis-trans Isomers
Different spatial arrangements around double bonds
Enantiomers
Mirror images, important in biochemistry
Structural Isomers
Different covalent arrangements
Macromolecules Built from Carbon
Lipids
Hydrophobic molecules
Energy storage, membranes, signaling
Fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, steroids
Proteins
Polymers of amino acids
Structure, enzymes, signaling
Primary → sequence of amino acids
Secondary → α-helices, β-sheets
Tertiary → 3D folding
Quaternary → multiple polypeptides
Carbohydrates
Sugars and polymers of sugars
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin)
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
Polynucleotides made of nucleotides