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Evolution - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Abiotic synthesis of organic molecules
      - Joining of monomers in polymers
      - Packaging of molecules in protocells
        
        membrane-like structures
      - Self-replicating molecules
    - - Heated water and minerals gush from the sea floor
      - Early life may formed here
    - - fluid-filled compartments enclosed by a membrane
      - Self-assembly, reproduction, and absorption of RNA
    - - First genetic material
      - Functions like a catalyst
  - - - based on the sequence in which fossils have accumulated in sedimentary rock layers
    - - based on the decay of radioactive isotopes
      - Half-life
        
        Time required for 50% of the parent isotope to decay
  - - - A standard time scale that divides Earth's history into 4 eons and further subdivisions
      - Eras
        
        Paleozoic
        
        Mesozoic
        
        Cenozoic
    - - 3.5 Billion years ago
      - Prokaryotes
      - Found in stromatolites
    - - 2.7 Billion years ago
      - Cyanobacteria
    - - 1.3 Billion years ago
      - Endosymbiosis
        
        prokaryote engulfed a small cell
    - - 1.2 Billion years old
    - - 530-535 Million years ago
      - Many present-day Phyla appeared in the fossil record
    - - 500 Million years ago
  - - - Earth's lithosphere is divided into "plates" which float over the mantle. Causes continental drift
    - - 3 Times in the last 1.5 billion years
      - Pangea
    - - 5 major extinctions
      - elimination of a large number of species
      - Permian-96% of life died, volcanic eruptions;500 million years ago
      - Cretaceous;66 million years ago; meteor; destroyed half of living organisms
      - 6th one; possibly by humans (pollution, etc.)
    - - periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles, or niches, in their communities.
  - - - evolutionary change in the timing or rate of an organism's development
    - - The retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features
    - - Regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants and fungi
    - - affect morphological differences between species by influencing the rate, timing, and spatial patterns of change in an organism’s form as it develops into an adult.
  - - - Can be caused by natural selection in a changing environment or species selection, resulting from interactions between organisms and their current environments.
    - - evolve through a series of incremental modifications, each of which benefits the organism that possesses it.
- - - - A species is a group of organisms in a population that can potentially produce fertile, viable, offspring but cannot produce viable or fertile offspring with other groups
        
        Limitations include: Fossils and asexual organisms
      - Species
        
        Reproductive Isolation
        
        Hybrids
      - Based on potential to interbreed, not physical characteristics
      - Similarity between species
      - Diversity within species
      - Prezygotic Barriers
        
        Habitat isolation
        
        Temporal isolation
        
        Behavioral Isolation
        
        Mechanical isolation
        
        Gametic isolation
      - Postzygotic barriers
        
        Reduced Hybrid Viability
        
        Reduced Hybrid Fertility
        
        Hybrid Breakdown
    - - Distinguishes species between body features and characteristics
      - Can be applied to sexual and asexual organisms
      - Limitations include subjective criteria
    - - Defines organisms to their ecological niche
      - Limitations include Too many decisions on how much difference between individuals is too much variation.
      - Accounts for asexual and sexual reproduction
  - - - Formation of new species in which are geographically isolated from one another
    - - Formation of new species that live in the same area
        
        Can result from sexual selection and habitat shifts
    - - Organism possesses more than 2 sets of chromosomes
      - Allopolyploid
        
        fertile organism with more than 2 sets of chromosomes
    - - Organism has more than 2 chromosome sets from a single parent
  - - - A geographic region in which members of different species meet and mate
      - Reinforcement
        
        Natural selection strengthens prezygotic barriers to reproduction, reducing hybrids
      - Fusion
        
        2 hybrid species forming a singular species
      - Stability
        
        Hybrids may thrive better than parent species
  - - - punctuated equilibria
        
        long periods of apparent stasis; species undergoes little to no morphological changes
      - Many episodes in which new species appear suddenly
    - - Evolution happens in rapid bursts
    - - Evolution happens slowly and gradually