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Bio Ch. 3 and 4 - Coggle Diagram
Bio Ch. 3 and 4
Functional and chemical groups
Hydroxyl
-OH
Polar
Water-soluble
Carbonyl
C=O
Sugars
Aldehydes (End)
Ketones (Middle)
Carboxyl
-COOH
Acidic
Donates H+
Amino
-NH2
Basic
Present in amino acids
Phosphate
-PO4
Energy transfer (ATP)
Negative charge
Methyl
-CH3
Molecular shape
Gene expression
Sulfhydryl
-SH
Stabilizes protein structure via disulfide bonds
Carbon atoms and molecular diversity
Carbon bonding and shapes
4 Valence electrons
single bonds
Tetrahedral shape
Flexible
Double bonds
Planar
Rigid
Bonds with H, O, N, S, P
Basis for biomolecules
Diversity of carbon skeletons
Chains
Long
Short
Branching
Straight
Branched
Rings
Cyclic molecules
Double bonds --> Introduce kinks
Structure determines functions
Hydrocarbons
Composed of C + H
Nonpolar
Hydrophobic
Store energy
Fats
Oils
Isomers
Structural: Different connectivity
Geometric: Cis/trans orientaion
Enantiomers
Mirror image
can have different biological effects
Why diversity matters
Small structural change --> large functional differences
Explains the variety of biomolecules and metabolic pathways
Water and it's properties
Hydrogen bonds
Weak individually, strong together
Cohesive
Sticks to itself
Adhesive
Sticks to other surfaces
Polar covalent bonds
Oxygen hogs ectrons
O more electronegative than H
Hydrogen bonds form between molecules
Water surrounds ions - Hydration shells
Polar = Dissolve in water
nonpolar = doesn't dissolve in water
Emergent properties of water
Cohesion and Adhesion
Move water from roots to leaves
High specific heat
Resists temp changes
Keeps climate and bodies stable
Evaporation cooling
Plant transpiration
Sweat cools us off by taking some of our heat and evaporating
Expansion when freezing
Why ice floats
Solvent properties
Dissolve
Sugars
salts
other polar molecules
Acidic and basic conditions
H2O = H+ + OH-
Acids increase (H+), bases increase(OH-)
pH scale 0-14
Each unit = 10x change in H+ consentration
Buffers keep stable pH
E.g. Carbonic acid in brood
Organic chemistry and origins
Stanley Miller Experiment
Simulated early Earth atmosphere
Produced amino acids & other organic material
Demonstrated abiotic synthesis of life's building blocks
modern applications
Biochemistry
Astrobiology
Molecular biology
Significance
shoes life's chemistry can arise naturally
Foundation for understanding origins of life and prebiotic chemistry
Definition and scope
Study of carbon-containing compounds
Biologically relevant molecules