Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 3&4 Lecture Homework, . - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 3&4 Lecture Homework
Chapter 3- The unique properties of water necessary for living organisms
Water
: only common substance exist in all three states of matter- solid, liquid, and gas.
Water is the "universal" solvent
Solution
: mixture of molecules of 2 or more substances.
Acid
: substance increases hydrogen ion concentration of solution ( ph 0-6)
Baes:
substance releases hydrogen ion concentration of a solution (ph 8-14)
Hydrophilic
: water loving molecules Ex: sugars, DNA, proteins
Hydrophobic
: water fearing Ex: fats and oils
Solvent
: Greatest amount.
Solute
: Lesser amount. EX: water= solvent, sugar= solute.
Aqueous solution
: water is solvent of solution
Water molecule:
neutral in charge & polar covalenent.
Covalent:**
Bonds between H and O atoms uneven share of electrons.
Hydrogen bonds:
form between H atom that has strong attraction for electrons.
Hydrogen shell:
shell of H2O that surrounds a molecule.
Hydrogen Ion-(H+)
Hydroxide Ion:(OH-)
Hyronium Ion: (H3O+)
Polar
: uneven pattern of electric charge.
EX:
H bonding between H2O molecules.
Amphipathic
: molecules w/ both polar and non polar regions. Ex: phospholipids
4 properties of Heat:
Specific heat:
Amount of heat must be absorbed or lost for 1 g to be changed in temp by 1 degree
Heat of vaporization:
Amount of heat a liquid must absorb to convert from liquid to gas state.
Surface tension
: measure of how difficult it is to stretch/ break the surface of liquid.
Cohesion:
H2O molecules “stick together” Ex: H2O droplets bead up.
Adhesion:
H2O molecules “Stick to other substances” Ex: H2O droplets sticking to grass-Dew in the morning.
Heat:
Thermal energy transferred from one body of matter to another
Density
: mass of material given in volume
Ice is less dense than liquid water: H bonds keep molecules” at arms length” when freezing so ice floats! Ex: Lakes freezing from the top down
Kinetic Energy
: energy of motion
Capillary passage
: movement through narrow passage Ex: drinking through a straw.
Buffers
- weak acids or weak bases.
Bicarbonate buffer system:
helps maintain ph in our blood.
Ocean Acidificatio
n: CO2 dissolved in seawater forms carbonic acid.
Chapter 4- Carbon and the Molecular diversity of life
Organic Chemistry
: study of compound containing carbon
Organic molecule:
molecules contain carbon found in living things; C,O,N,H
Mechanism:
belief all natural phenomenon governed by physical/chemical laws Ex: miller and urey (1953)
Hydrocarbons:
molecules containing only H and C.- Hydrophilic and non polar Ex: fats
Properties of carbon:
-4 valence electrons
-tetracvalene+ large, complex molecules possible bonding covalently to 4 other atoms
-living matter- O,H,N,C
Single bond
- share a pair of electrons
Double bond
- share 2 pairs of electrons
Triple bond
- share 3 pairs of electrons
Carbon chains can be straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings.
Carbon skeletons
: vary in length, number,and location of double bonds, and presence of other electrons.
Functional groups
: compounds of organic molecule involved in chemical reactions.
Hydroxyl-
ALCOHOL, SUGARS
Carboxyl
- Carboxylic acids, fatty acids, amino acids
Amino
- amino acids
Sulfhydryl
- Thiols, disulfide bonds
Phosphate
-nucleotides, phospholipids, and atp
ATP
: Cells form of energy.
Methyl
-fatty acids, oils, and waxes.
Isomers:
compounds same molecular formula but different structures and chemical properties
Structural isomers
: same molecular formula, different arrangement of atoms. EX: glucose and Fructose
Geometric Isomers (Cis-trans)-
different spatial arrangement of some atoms around C-C double bond. Ex: structure of rhodopsin on the retina from cis form to active trans form.
Enantomers-
4 different atoms or groups bonded to same carbons=asymmetric carbon Ex: amino acids make proteins that are L form
.