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Sociology revision mind maps, Marxism:
Marxism is the belief that the…
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Marxism:
Marxism is the belief that the bourgeoise
control the education system as a whole, it sets the proletariats up to work the same menial low paying jobs that keep the system running
Key Theorists
Karl Marx-
Father of marxism
Louis Althusser- Ideological State Apparatus (ISA)
Bowels and Gintis-
Correspondence principle and 'Hidden Curriculum'
Paul Wills-
Learning to Labour and "The lads" counterculture
Bourdieu- Looked at the habits working class develop and cultural capital
Main ideas
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Althusser- Schools, media and religion
Promote the dominant ideology, a passive form
of controlling the people
Bowels and Gintis- Ideas and lessons taught
in school have a 'Hidden' secondary curriculum
there to teach them to conform to the society
without question, keeping the system running
Criticisms
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Views don't consider that
students often rebel, acting out
and attempting to break out of the system
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Key words:
Bourgeoise -
Proletariat -
Ruling class -
Class conflict -
Dominant ideology -
Superstructure -
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Functionalism
Criticisms
Functionalism is too optimistic,
It dosent consider the possibility
of wealth playing into success
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Role allocation is flawed, people
with wealth and good connections
get jobs they may not be qualified
for
Main Ideas
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Parsons- Society is a meritocracy,
A system where an individuals talent and
effort determines social status and sucess.
Not Their family and where they were born
Davis and moore-
Education serves the purpose
of preparing people for, and allocating
them their roles in society based on
success and effort
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Gender and education
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Main ideas
Gender gap
External factors
Feminism helps to encorage girls to achive higher and make sure there is equal oppurtunities, although they argue it isnt fully equal yet
Changes in divorce rate, increases in the number of single parent families, smaller families and increase in cohabitation. Helps give girls better adult role models whilst it negatively affects boys who need a strong male role model
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Internal factors
Policies have been introduced to ensure equal opportunities. GIST(girls in science and technology) and WISE(women in science and engineering)
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Coursework favors girls, the increase in corsework based work helps girls achive better
There has also been an increase in oral exams, girls ecell as they generally have better developed language
Teachers pay more attention to boys, however this is usually negative attention. They form negative views towards boys in education leading to self fulfilling prophecy
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Schools tend to favor girls in terms of marketisation as they achive better grades, since girls are more likely to be chosen they typically do well (Self fulfilling prophecy
Girls were shown to be ahead of boys in all subjects in year 1. By keystage 1-3 they do consistently better especially in English. Around GCSES the gap is visible by 10 percentage points, the gap is smaller by A level however girls still are more likely to sit and pass A levels with 48% of girls getting A/B against 42% of boys, this is similar in vocational courses
Subject choices
The pattern of subject choice is seen as 'traditional'. Boys tend to opt for maths and physics whilst girls go for modern languages
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Identity,class and achievement
Girls
Working class girls are still preassured into becoming mothers and dropping out early due to issues with gender stereotypes aspirations being encoraged
WC girls see job opportunities as limited to them. They also may struggle with jobs and see motherhood as the only option
Even if WC girls do achieve high, they can be disadvantaged by their WC identities. They may have motivation in wanting to help their families however cost, fear of debt and living at home severely limits university choices.
Boys
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The decline of 'traditional male jobs' leads to boys having an identity crisis and having little prospect of getting a 'proper' male job
Tony sewell believes education is 'feminised' and that schools no longer 'nurture masculine traits' leading to boys failing. he mainly blames coursework for this
Only 14% of primary school teachers were male in 2007,meaning young boys lack role models
However this has been criticized, two thirds of 7-8 year olds belive gender dosent matter
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Liberal discourse: the teachers authority is implicit and invisible, they respect the pupil
Disciplinarian discourse: Teachers authority is made explicit and visible through shouting and tone
Liberal is seen as feminine with disciplinarian seen as masculine, however a study found most teachers use the 'masculine' one
'laddish' subcultures contribute to underachievement as boys are likely to be harrased if not taking part in them
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Symbolic capital vs educational capital:
Girls are conflicted between gaining symbolic capital from working class feminine identities and educational capital from school
Girls construct 'hyper-heterosexual' feminine identities and get boyfriends in order to gain capital, however the jewelry and makeup leads to conflict with schools
Girls try to cope with this by describing themselves as 'good underneath', reflecting the struggle to achieve self worth
They may also adopt 'loud' identities, questioning authority and going against rules
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